AP Biology: Review Session Cells and Membrane AP Biology: Review Session

Why are cells Small?

Omit this!

Endosymbiotic Theory of organelle evolution – what is the evidence?

What is the benefit of organelles? Compartmentalization Specialization of organelle homeostasis

Name the Organelle Slides 6 -16

Controls what enters and leaves the cell and different organelles. Cell Membranes

Responsible for Protein Product in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Ribosomes

There are Two Types of Ribosomes – Free and Attached Make proteins which leave the cell Make proteins that stay in the cell Attached Ribosomes Free Ribosomes

Controls the activities of the cell Nucleus

Produced by the endomembrane system; contains digestive enzymes lysosomes

Contains Ribosomes and helps make proteins to be exported from the cell Rough ER

Modifies proteins to be exported from the cell. Golgi Apparatus

Contains the reactions of cellular respiration Mitochondria

Contains the chemical reactions of photosynthesis chloroplast

Function of the DNA in the mitochondria and the chloroplast Instructions for proteins used in the mitochondria and chloroplast

Intermediate filaments Component of the cytoskeleton responsible for holding organelles in place Intermediate filaments

Membrane Structure Phospholipids and proteins Arrangement Function of unsaturated Fatty acids and cholesterol Permeable to small, nonpolar molecules

Passive Transport Down the concentration gradient Molecules will reach equilibrium Facilitated diffusion

Movement of water down the concertation gradient Osmosis Movement of water down the concertation gradient Across a selectively permeable membrane Facilitated diffusion - aquaporin

Tonicity Isotonic – cells have the same concentrations of non- penetrating solutes as found surrounding solution (our cellular fluids and IV saline solution) Hypertonic – solutions have higher concentrations of non-penetrating solutes than found in the cell (Salt water is hypertonic to our cells) Hypotonic – solutions containing a lower concentration of non-penetrating solutes than the cell (Distilled water is hypotonic to our cells)

Active transport Against the concentration gradient Uses energy Sodium potassium pump = example

Receptor mediated endocytosis Bulk Transport Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Receptor mediated endocytosis