An in vitro cell culture system to study the influence of external pneumatic compression on endothelial function Guohao Dai, MSa, Olga Tsukurov, MDb,

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An in vitro cell culture system to study the influence of external pneumatic compression on endothelial function Guohao Dai, MSa, Olga Tsukurov, MDb, Roslyn W. Orkin, PhDb, William M. Abbott, MDb, Roger D. Kamm, PhDa, Jonathan P. Gertler, MDb Journal of Vascular Surgery Volume 32, Issue 5, Pages 977-987 (November 2000) DOI: 10.1067/mva.2000.110357 Copyright © 2000 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery, a Chapter of the International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 A , Schematic drawing of VFS. Four totally independent flow circuits are shown, corresponding to the four cases in Table I. The air pump simultaneously drives the pulsed flow and the bellows to produce collapse. The reservoirs upstream of the test chambers are maintained at the proper carbon dioxide partial pressures. B, Test chamber used to produce tube compression. Air inflates the bellows, driving down the pusher plate to a position determined by small pegs inserted through bottom to desired level. Inlet and outlet are designed to minimize flow disturbance. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2000 32, 977-987DOI: (10.1067/mva.2000.110357) Copyright © 2000 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery, a Chapter of the International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Measured pressure (top ) flow rate (middle ), and calculated shear stress (bottom ) in the VFS for condition F. Measurements are made at the locations indicated in Fig 1, A. Shear stress is calculated with the Womersley theory,20 which is based on measured time-varying flow rate. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2000 32, 977-987DOI: (10.1067/mva.2000.110357) Copyright © 2000 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery, a Chapter of the International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Color contour map showing calculated tube wall strain computed with finite element code ABAQUS and properties of silicon rubber. Note that maximal principal strains range between 0% and 10%. ECs cultured in the inner layer of tube are subjected to same level of deformation. Note that at upper and lower walls of tube, cells are stretched by about 10%. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2000 32, 977-987DOI: (10.1067/mva.2000.110357) Copyright © 2000 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery, a Chapter of the International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Endothelial morphology after 6 hours of experiment. Flow direction is left to right in each photograph. Alignment is strongest in FC and F and cannot be detected in C or Cntrl (magnification = 200×). Cntrl, Control. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2000 32, 977-987DOI: (10.1067/mva.2000.110357) Copyright © 2000 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery, a Chapter of the International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Northern Blot of mRNA expression of tPA, eNOS, and GAPD (top to bottom ). Lane 1-4 (left to right ) represents FC, C, F and Control group, respectively. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2000 32, 977-987DOI: (10.1067/mva.2000.110357) Copyright © 2000 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery, a Chapter of the International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions