Atomic Orbitals Ken Rogers Miami Killian

Electrons orbit the nucleus in different energy levels Principal Energy Levels 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Etc. Within these principal energy levels there are other energy levels called sublevels. nucleus

s Principal Energy Level (n) Type of Sublevels in Principal Energy Level # of orbitals within Sublevel # of orbitals within Principal Energy Level # of electrons within each sublevel # of electrons within Principal Energy Level s 1 2 3 4

Type of Sublevel # of orbitals Maximum # of electrons Shape of orbital s 1 2 spherical An orbital is the path or pattern that a pair of electrons take as they orbit the nucleus.

1s orbital 2s orbital

s 1 1 2 2 Principal Energy Level (n) Type of Sublevels in Principal Energy Level # of orbitals within Sublevel # of orbitals within Principal Energy Level # of electrons within each sublevel # of electrons within Principal Energy Level s 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 4

Principal Energy Levels 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Sublevels 1s2 2e-

s 1 1 2 2 s p Principal Energy Level (n) Type of Sublevels in Principal Energy Level # of orbitals within Sublevel # of orbitals within Principal Energy Level # of electrons within each sublevel # of electrons within Principal Energy Level s 1 1 2 2 1 s p 2 3 4

s p 1 2 3 6 Type of Sublevel # of orbitals Maximum # of electrons Shape of orbital s 1 2 spherical dumbbell pg 103 p 3 6 An orbital is the path or pattern that a pair of electrons take as they orbit the nucleus.

pz px py x x y z z z

s 1 1 2 2 s p 1 2 4 8 3 6 Principal Energy Level (n) Type of Sublevels in Principal Energy Level # of orbitals within Sublevel # of orbitals within Principal Energy Level # of electrons within each sublevel # of electrons within Principal Energy Level s 1 1 2 2 1 s p 1 2 4 8 2 3 6 3 4

Principal Energy Levels 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Sublevels 2s2 2p6 1s2 2e- 8e-

s 1 1 2 2 s p 1 2 4 8 3 6 s p d Principal Energy Level (n) Type of Sublevels in Principal Energy Level # of orbitals within Sublevel # of orbitals within Principal Energy Level # of electrons within each sublevel # of electrons within Principal Energy Level s 1 1 2 2 1 s p 1 2 4 8 2 3 6 s p d 3 4

s p d 1 2 3 6 5 10 Type of Sublevel # of orbitals Maximum # of electrons Shape of orbital s 1 2 spherical dumbbell pg 103 p 3 6 complicated pg 103 d 5 10

Principal Energy Level Type of Sublevels in Principal Energy Level # of orbitals within Sublevel # of orbitals within Principal Energy Level # of electrons within each sublevel # of electrons within Principal Energy Level s 1 1 2 2 1 s p 1 2 4 8 2 3 6 s p d 1 2 3 9 6 18 3 5 10 4

1st 2nd 3rd 4th Sublevels 3s2 2s2 2p6 1s2 3p6 3d10 2e- 8e- 18e- Principal Energy Levels 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Sublevels 3s2 2s2 2p6 1s2 3p6 3d10 2e- 8e- 18e-

Principal Energy Level Type of Sublevels in Principal Energy Level # of orbitals within Sublevel # of orbitals within Principal Energy Level # of electrons within each sublevel # of electrons within Principal Energy Level s 1 1 2 2 1 s p 1 2 4 8 2 3 6 s p d 1 2 9 18 3 6 3 5 10 s p 4 d f

s p d f 1 2 3 6 5 10 7 14 Type of Sublevel # of orbitals Maximum # of electrons Shape of orbital s 1 2 spherical dumbbell pg 103 p 3 6 complicated pg 103 d 5 10 f 7 14 complicated

Principal Energy Level Type of Sublevels in Principal Energy Level # of orbitals within Sublevel # of orbitals within Principal Energy Level # of electrons within each sublevel # of electrons within Principal Energy Level s 1 1 2 2 1 s p 1 2 4 8 2 3 6 s p d 1 2 9 18 3 6 3 5 10 s 1 2 p 6 3 4 16 32 d 5 10 f 14 7

1st 2nd 3rd 4th Sublevels 3s2 4s2 2s2 2p6 1s2 3p6 4p6 3d10 4d10 4f14 Principal Energy Levels 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Sublevels 3s2 4s2 2s2 2p6 1s2 3p6 4p6 3d10 4d10 4f14 2e- 8e- 18e- 32e-

Principal Energy Level Type of Sublevels in Principal Energy Level # of orbitals within Sublevel # of orbitals within Principal Energy Level # of electrons within each sublevel # of electrons within Principal Energy Level s 1 1 2 2 1 s p 1 2 8 4 2 There’s a mathematical relationship between the Principal Energy Level (n) and the number of orbitals it contains. What is it? 3 6 s p d 1 2 3 18 6 9 3 5 10 n2 = # of orbitals s 1 2 p 6 3 4 16 32 d 5 10 f 14 7

Principal Energy Level Type of Sublevels in Principal Energy Level # of orbitals within Sublevel # of orbitals within Principal Energy Level # of electrons within each sublevel # of electrons within Principal Energy Level s 1 1 2 2 1 s p 1 2 8 4 2 There’s a mathematical relationship between the Principal Energy Level (n) and the number of electrons it contains. What is it? 3 6 s p d 1 2 3 18 6 9 3 5 10 2n2 = # of electrons s 1 2 p 6 3 4 16 32 d 5 10 f 14 7