PAPER 1: Living with the physical environment SECTION C: Physical Landscapes in the UK KEY IDEA: UK Physical Landscapes & River Landscapes in the UK 1

6 Types of Erosion Abrasion (sand paper/ rubbing action) Attrition (Particles crash and break apart) Hydraulic Action (force of the water) Solution (chemical break down/ acid rain) Vertical (downward) Lateral (sideways)

4 Types of Transportation Solution (dissolved and carried) Traction (rolling large) Saltation (skipping medium) Suspension (Carried)

Deposition Sediment dropped (lack of energy)

River Long Profile Changes Hills and broad valley (60-160 m) Gradient less steep Steep V Shape Mountains (160m height) Erosion Low lying flat land Broad valley Very gentle gradient

River Cross Section/ Cross Profile Changes Width Depth Velocity Load Discharge All increase Particle size Roughness of channel bed Gradient All decrease

Waterfall and Gorge Formation (Erosional Feature/ Upper Course) Hard rock on top of soft rock. Soft erodes quicker creating hard rock overhang. Water falls off overhang and creates plunge pool beneath. Overhang collapses and water erodes back and forms gorge. U Shaped feature

Waterfall and Gorge Formation (Erosional Feature/ Upper Course) Hard rock on top of soft rock. Soft erodes quicker creating hard rock overhang. Water falls off overhang and creates plunge pool beneath. Overhang collapses and water erodes back and forms gorge. U Shaped feature

Interlocking Spurs (Erosional Feature/ Upper Course) Spur is hard rock that sticks out into the valley that the river has to flow around. They reach into the valley from alternate sides so look like they are interlocking.

Rapids (Erosional Feature/ Upper Course) Vertical bands of hard and soft rock. River wears soft quicker causing dips in the channel bed. Dips make the water bounce up and down and become turbulent. Rapids are formed.

Meander Formation (Erosional and Depositional Feature/ Middle Course) Helical flow River fast on outside bend so erodes and increases bend Slow on inside of bend and deposits Outside = river cliff/ steep and fast flowing Inside = slip off slope/ gentle and slow flowing

Ox Bow Lake Formation (Erosional and Depositional Feature/ Middle Course) Two meander necks erode close together In flood river makes new straight channel to cut out the slow bend Deposition cuts off old bend Leaves behind oxbow lake

Levee Formation (Depositional Feature/ Lower Course) River floods out of its channel Flood water contains sediment Large sediment too heavy so drop at side of river Sediment builds up a mound Mound on either side of channel called a levee

Floodplain Formation (Depositional Feature/ Lower Course)

Estuary Formation (Depositional Feature/ Lower Course) Flooded river channel where the river meets the sea Tidal part of the river so a mix of fresh and salt water Likely to be very wide (Severn 3km wide) Large mud flats revealed at low tide Tidal bores (waves) go up the river channel

Landforms on the River Severn Break its neck falls (waterfall) Iron Bridge Gorge (Gorge) Floodplain and meander (Gloucester) Estuary (Severn)

Physical Causes of Flooding Steep slopes – runs quicker to the river Storms/ Saturated Ground – too much rain means ground is full and rain goes straight to river Snow melt – all melt water goes at once to the river/ ground saturated

Human Causes of Flooding Building/ Urbanisation/ Drive ways – forms impermeable ground (concrete/ tarmac) which makes water go straight to the river Drains – take water off the street but straight to the river Deforestation – less rain intercepted and stored so more flows direct to river channel

Flashy/ Quick Hydrograph More likely to flood!

Slow Hydrograph Less likely to flood!

Hard Engineering Examples

Soft Engineering Examples

Jubilee Channel Flood Diversion Case Study Diverts water from the Thames if too full so does not flood. Positive Negative Stop flooding in Eton and Windsor £110 million Repair bills Ran out of money so some areas not protected Wraysbury – downstream has increased flood risk