How Does Science Take Place? Chapter 1 Section 1 The Nature of Science How Does Science Take Place? Scientists observe. Scientists plan experiments. Scientists investigate. Scientists test the results.

How Does Science Take Place? continued Chapter 1 Section 1 The Nature of Science How Does Science Take Place? continued Science and technology work together. Pure science - the continuing search for scientific knowledge. Applied science - the search for ways to use scientific knowledge for practical applications. Technology is the application of science for practical purposes.

How Does Science Take Place? continued Chapter 1 Section 1 The Nature of Science How Does Science Take Place? continued Science is based in observation and logic. We naturally seek knowledge and attempt to explain the reasons the “WHY” of the natural world around us. This attempt at explaining the “WHY” is what scientists call a HYPOTHESIS. Natural Process – Roller Blading…. Fell while roller blading – kid asks, “Did you fall?” Then asks, “Why did you fall?”

Scientific Theories vs Scientific Laws?? Chapter 1 Section 1 The Nature of Science Scientific Theories vs Scientific Laws?? Scientific theory an explanation for some phenomenon that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning. Theories answer the question “WHY?” with “Because” To be valid, a theory must: explain past observations predict future occurrences be repeatable Scientific theories answer “WHY?” and can be tested. See a man lying on the sidewalk…..what happened…

Scientific Theories vs Scientific Laws?? Chapter 1 Section 1 The Nature of Science Scientific Theories vs Scientific Laws?? A Scientific Law is a description of observations. Compare and Contrast Theories and Laws… next slide? The Big Bang Theory (y) The Law of Universal Gravitation (summary)

Hypotheses, Theories, and Laws?? Chapter 1 Section 1 The Nature of Science Hypotheses, Theories, and Laws?? A “good enough” hypothesis can be renamed THEORY That is to say that a well supported hypothesis that accurately explains the past and predicts the future is termed a theory Can a Hypothesis or Theory ever be renamed a LAW? NO See

Chapter 1 Section 2 The Way Science Works Bellringer Your teacher has given you the following assignment: Investigate the impact on plant growth of adding various amounts of fertilizer to potted plants. Think about what you would need to do to be certain that the fertilizer was having the impact on the plant growth. Then answer the items below.

Chapter 1 Bellringer Section 2 The Way Science Works Place a Y besides items that would be part of your plan to investigate plant height and fertilizer. Place a N besides items that will not help you investigate this particular connection. a. _______ Put one plant in a sunny windowsill and one in a dark corner. b. _______ Give plants the same amounts of water. c. _______ Give different plants different amounts of fertilizer without keeping track of which plant got extra fertilizer. d. _______ Use some new plants from seeds and some old plants that have been growing for months. e. _______ Start with plants that are the same size. f. _______ Keep all plants in a similar location. g. _______ Carefully note amounts of fertilizer each plant is given. h. _______ Keep one plant fertilized but with no water.

Chapter 1 Section 2 The Way Science Works Bellringer 2. Name at least five tools or supplies will you need to perform this experiment. 3. What quantities will be measured, and what units will you use to record these measurements?

Science Skills, continued Chapter 1 Section 2 The Way Science Works Science Skills, continued Using the scientific method The scientific method is a general description of scientific thinking rather than an exact path for scientists to follow. Scientific method a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions

Chapter 1 Section 2 The Way Science Works

Chapter 1 Section 2 The Way Science Works Scientific Method

Chapter 1 Conducting experiments - No experiment is a failure Section 2 The Way Science Works Conducting experiments - No experiment is a failure I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work. Thomas A. Edison The results of every experiment can be used to revise the hypothesis or plan tests of a different variable. Science depends on repetition. If in doubt, do it again! TP Lab

Metric Conversions: Unit Analysis Method make fractions Chapter 1 Section 2 The Way Science Works Metric Conversions: Unit Analysis Method make fractions Kilo 1km = 1000 m ** Hecto 1 hm = 100 m Deka 1 dam = 10 m Base Unit 1(m, L, g, s, K) ** Deci 1 dm = 0.1 m Centi 1 cm = 0.01 m ** Milli 1 mm = 0.001 m ** Quantity contains a UNIT and a NUMBER

Metric Conversions Divide by 10 for each step up

Metric Conversions: Unit Analysis Method Chapter 1 Section 2 The Way Science Works Metric Conversions: Unit Analysis Method Conversions A roll of copper wire contains 15 m of wire. What is the length of the wire in centimeters? 1. List the given and unknown values. Known: length in meters, l = 15 m Unknown: length in centimeters = ? Cm Set up the “know to go” approach! Know  = go 15 m = cm

Metric Conversions: Unit Analysis Method Chapter 1 Section 2 The Way Science Works Metric Conversions: Unit Analysis Method 2. Determine the relationship between units. Looking at the table of prefixes used for small measurements, you can find that 1 cm = 0.01 m 3. Fill in the conversion factor and solve. Be sure the units cancel! 15 m = cm 15 m 1.0 cm = 1500 cm 0.01 m

Metric Conversions: Unit Analysis Method Chapter 1 Section 2 The Way Science Works Metric Conversions: Unit Analysis Method 2. Determine the relationship between units. If 1 cm = 0.01 m it also means that 100 cm = 1 m 3. Fill in the conversion factor and solve. Be sure the units cancel! 15 m = cm 15 m 100 cm = 1500 cm 1 m Same answer!!

Conversion factor possibilities: Chapter 1 Section 2 The Way Science Works Conversion factor possibilities: We first used 1.0 cm because the units cancel. 0.01 m We then used 100 cm because the units cancel! 1 m Which is greater? 1 cm or 0.01 m? Which is greater? 100 cm or 1 m? Simplify 1.0 cm and 100 cm 0.01 m 1 m Multiplicative Identity?

Metric Conversions: Unit Analysis Method Chapter 1 Section 2 The Way Science Works Metric Conversions: Unit Analysis Method Convert the following quantities. Show your work!! 491 km to meters 50,089,743 ml to liters

We can sometimes convert using several steps! Chapter 1 Section 2 The Way Science Works We can sometimes convert using several steps! Convert 0.054 cm to mm Know to Go! Twice! 0.054 cm = mm Or once… Convert 1,261,338 mm to km

We can sometimes convert using several steps! Chapter 1 Section 2 The Way Science Works We can sometimes convert using several steps! Convert 1,261,338 mm to km 1,261,338 mm = km Convert 22.3 mm to cm Page 17 1-7 skip 5 This works for m, L, g, s, K, etc. Metric System Measurement Mini Lab and Coin Lab

Units of Measurement, continued Chapter 1 Section 2 The Way Science Works Units of Measurement, continued Making measurements Many observations rely on quantitative measurements. Length a measure of the straight-line distance between two points Mass a measure of the amount of matter in an object Volume a measure of the size of a body or region in three-dimensional space Weight a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object

Systeme Internationale (SI System) Chapter 1 Section 2 The Way Science Works Systeme Internationale (SI System) Distance----- -----------------meters (m) (pinky cm, thumb inch) Time------- -----------------seconds (sec) Temperature------ -----------------Kelvins (K) Mass------- -----------------Kilogram (kg) Base 10 system – look at your hands… Volume----- ----------------Liters or milliliters (L or mL) end of pinky)

Chapter 1 Section 2 The Way Science Works Volume

Systeme Internationale (SI System) Chapter 1 Section 2 The Way Science Works Systeme Internationale (SI System) Conversions…Density Lab

Chapter 1 Section 3 Organizing Data Line Graph

Chapter 1 Section 3 Organizing Data Bar Graph

Presenting Scientific Data, continued Chapter 1 Section 3 Organizing Data Presenting Scientific Data, continued Pie charts show parts of a whole. A pie chart is ideal for displaying data that are parts of a whole. Data in a pie chart is presented as a percent.

Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation Chapter 1 Section 3 Organizing Data Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation Scientific notation is a method of expressing a quantity as a number multiplied by 10 to the appropriate power. _.__ X 10n Some powers of 10 and their decimal equivalents are shown below. 103 = 1000 (1 with three 0’s behind) 102 = 100 101 = 10 100 = 1 10-1 = 0.1 10-2 = 0.01 10-3 = 0.001 (1 with three 0’s in front – sort of)

Chapter 1 Section 3 Organizing Data Math Skills Writing Scientific Notation The adult human heart pumps about 18 000 L of blood each day. Write this value in scientific notation. _.__ X 10n 1. List the given and unknown values. Given: volume, V = 18 000 L Unknown: volume, V = ?.? x 10? L 2. Write the form for scientific notation. V = _.__ X 10n OR V = ?.? x 10? L 3. Insert the known values into the form, and solve. (1.8 x 10 000) L 1.8 x 104 L

Chapter 1 Section 3 Organizing Data Math Skills, continued Write the following numbers in scientific notation: 2200 90000 40 0.007 0.0000000000000000000000001 Page 23 # 1, 2

Chapter 1 Section 3 Organizing Data Scientific Notation

Chapter 1 Section 3 Organizing Data Math Skills Using Scientific Notation Your state plans to buy a rectangular tract of land measuring 5.36 x 103 m by 1.38 x 104 m to establish a nature preserve. What is the area of this tract in square meters? 1. List the given and unknown values. Given: length, l = 1.38 x 104 m width, w = 5.36 x 103 m Unknown: area, A = ? m2

Chapter 1 Math Skills, continued 2. Write the equation for area. Section 3 Organizing Data Math Skills, continued 2. Write the equation for area. A = l  w 3. Insert the known values into the equation, and solve. A = (1.38  104 m) (5.36  103 m) Regroup the values and units as follows. A = (1.38  5.36) (104  103) (m  m) When multiplying, add the powers of 10. A = (1.38  5.35) (104+3) (m  m) A = 7.3968  107 m2 A = 7.40  107 m2

Understanding Concepts, continued Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep Understanding Concepts, continued 3. What is a scientific theory? A. A theory is a guess as to what will happen. B. A theory is a summary of a scientific fact based on observations. C. A theory is an explanation of how a process works based on observations. D. A theory describes a process in nature that can be repeated by testing.

Understanding Concepts, continued Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep Understanding Concepts, continued 3. What is a scientific theory? A. A theory is a guess as to what will happen. B. A theory is a summary of a scientific fact based on observations. C. A theory is an explanation of how a process works based on observations. D. A theory describes a process in nature that can be repeated by testing.

Interpreting Graphics Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep Interpreting Graphics 6. What is the volume of the gas 55 seconds into the experiment? F. 15 mL G. 24 mL H. 27 mL I. 50 mL