Review the Characteristics of Living Things Section 1-3 Characteristic Examples Living things are made up of units called cells. Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell. Animals and trees are multicellular. Living things reproduce. Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding. Living things are based on a universal genetic code called DNA. Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from maple trees produce maple trees. Living things grow and develop. Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and then become adult flies. Living things obtain and use materials and energy and excrete the wastes. Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat. Living things respond to their environment. Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light. Living things maintain a stable internal environment. Despite changes in the temperature of the environment, a robin maintains a constant body temperature. Taken as a group, living things change over time and acquire characteristics that help them survive. Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert. Go to Section:

Classification A. What is Classification? 1. Grouping things in a logical manner- similar things grouped together B. Why Classify? B/c scientists need an effective system to study the approximate 2.5 million known organisms So that all scientists can use the same terminology for the same species.

C. How are living things classified? Biologists use Taxonomy- science of classifying and giving a scientific name to organisms. Binomial nomenclature- two word naming system. Each species name has two parts: Genus name and Species name, usually based on Latin or Greek; ex- dogs belong to species Canis familiaris .

What is a catfish? What is a dandelion? What is a jellyfish? What is a bullfrog? What is a dragonfly?

American Coot?

Spring Peeper?

Brown Booby?

Who started all this? Carolus Linnaeus- Swedish botanist, 18th Century, developed two name system. Before Linnaeus there was no order to taxonomy. Linnaeus’s system had 7 levels of organization, each level called a taxon (taxa-pl.)

Classification of Ursus arctos Section 18-1 Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae Species name is most specific! GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Go to Section:

Who started all this? Carolus Linnaeus- Swedish botanist, 18th Century, developed two name system. Before Linnaeus there was no order to taxonomy. Linnaeus’s system had 7 levels of organization, each level called a taxon (taxa-pl.) Linnaeus’s placed all living things in to one of two Kingdoms- Animalia or Plantae Today we have 6 kingdoms

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Protist

Fungi

Plants

Animals

Linnaeus’s System of Classification King Kingdom Scientific Name= Genus and Species Ex: Homo sapien Rules: Genus is always capitalized and species is always lower case. Both are always italicized or underlined Phillip Phylum Came Class Over Order For Family Great Genus Spaghetti Species

Chapter 9 ___________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _______________ ___________ Which can be _________ _________ _________ _________

Chapter 9 ___________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _______________ ___________ Which can be _________ _________ _________ _________

Chapter 9 ___________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _______________ ___________ Which can be _________ _________ _________ _________

Chapter 9 ___________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _______________ ___________ Which can be _________ _________ _________ _________

Chapter 9 ___________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _______________ ___________ Which can be _________ _________ _________ _________

Chapter 9 ___________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _______________ ___________ Which can be _________ _________ _________ _________

Chapter 9 ___________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _______________ ___________ Which can be _________ _________ _________ _________

Chapter 9 ___________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _______________ ___________ Which can be _________ _________ _________ _________

Chapter 9 ___________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _______________ ___________ Which can be _________ _________ _________ _________

Chapter 9 ___________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _______________ ___________ Which can be _________ _________ _________ _________

Chapter 9 ___________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _______________ ___________ Which can be _________ _________ _________ _________

Chapter 9 ___________ _________ _________ Animals _________ _______________ ___________ Which can be _________ _________ Animals _________

Chapter 9 ___________ _________ _________ Animals Plants _______________ ___________ Which can be _________ _________ Animals Plants

Chapter 9 ___________ _________ Fungi Animals Plants _______________ Which can be _________ Fungi Animals Plants

Chapter 9 ___________ Protists Fungi Animals Plants _______________ Which can be Protists Fungi Animals Plants

Chapter 9 Archaebacteria Protists Fungi Animals Plants _______________ Which can be Protists Fungi Animals Plants

Chapter 9 Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protists Fungi Animals Plants Which can be Protists Fungi Animals Plants

Scientific Name Ex: Homo sapien Rules: Genus is always capitalized and species is always lower case. Both are always italicized or underlined

Classification of Ursus arctos Section 18-1 Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae Species name is most specific! GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Go to Section:

The Six Kingdoms Organisms are placed into kingdoms based on five questions Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Unicellular or Multicellular? Producer or Consumer? Does it have a cell wall or not? Does it live in extreme environments?

DNA Nucleus with DNA

1 Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells 3

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

1 2 Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells 3

Cell Membrane 1 2 DNA Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Cytoplasm 3

1 1 2 2 3 4 3 5 Cell Membrane DNA Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Cytoplasm 3 5

1 2 Prokaryotic Cells 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5 Bacteria No Nucleus Prokaryotic Cells No Organelles Unicellular 5 Microscopic

1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 3 7 Cell Membrane DNA Prokaryotic Cells Bacteria 2 No Nucleus 2 3 DNA Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells No Organelles 4 5 Unicellular 6 Cytoplasm 3 Microscopic 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Organelles Nucleus Multicellular Eukaryotic Cells Protists 5 Plants 6 Fungi 7 Animals

1 1 2 2 5 3 Organelles Cell Membrane Nucleus DNA Prokaryotic Cells Bacteria 2 Nucleus No Nucleus 2 Multicellular DNA Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells No Organelles Protists 5 Plants Unicellular Fungi Cytoplasm 3 Microscopic Animals

Unicellular – organisms that exist in nature as a single cell; usually microscopic Multicellular – organisms that are more complex; usually with tissues and organs

Producers – (a. k a. autotrophs) organisms that can carry out photosynthesis to obtain energy Consumers – (a.k.a. heterotrophs) organism that eat producers or other consumers to obtain energy

Kingdom Archaebacteria Prokaryote Have a cell wall and some use flagella for movement Unicellular Autotrophic or heterotrophic Asexual Methanogens and halophiles Live in very extreme environments Only recently recognized as a separate bacteria kingdom Can be helpful & harmful

Kingdom Eubacteria Prokaryote Have cell walls and some use flagella for movement Unicellular Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Asexual E-coli & Streptococcus Can be helpful & harmful Largest of the two bacteria kingdoms & can live almost anywhere

Kingdom Protista Eukaryote Nucleus and many other organelles Most unicellular or some multicellular Autotrophs or heterotrophs Most reproduce asexually, some sexually Paramecium. Amoeba, algae Very diverse kingdom The “Junk Drawer”

Algae

Kingdom Fungi Eukaryote Nucleus and many organelles; cell walls of chitin Multicellular (except yeast) All Heterotrophs– they eat! Can reproduce asexually with spores or sexually Examples: Mushrooms, mold, lichens Important decomposers Nature’s Recyclers

Kingdom Plantae Eukaryote Nucleus and many organelles, cell walls of cellulose All Multicellular All are Autotrophs Reproduce sexually with pollen or asexually Trees, grass, ferns Oxygen producers

Kingdom Animalia Eukaryote Nucleus and many organelles, do not have cell walls All Multicellular All Heterotrophs Reproduce sexually or asexually Examples: insects, fish, humans Hey! That’s You!

Three Species of Warblers and Their Niches Section 4-2 Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches Spruce tree Go to Section:

Cladogram of Six Kingdoms and Three Domains Section 18-3 DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia DOMAIN BACTERIA Go to Section:

Classification of Living Things Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Section 18-3 Classification of Living Things DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph/ heterotroph Strep., E- coli Archaea Eukarya Go to Section: Protist web site

Classification of Living Things Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Section 18-3 Classification of Living Things DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph/ heterotroph Strep., E- coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph X-tremophiles Eukarya Go to Section: Protist web site

Classification of Living Things Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Section 18-3 Classification of Living Things DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph/ heterotroph Strep., E- coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph X-tremophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Eukarya Go to Section: Protist web site

Classification of Living Things Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Section 18-3 Classification of Living Things DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph/ heterotroph Strep., E- coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph X-tremophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Eukarya Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of chitin Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts Go to Section: Protist web site

Classification of Living Things Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Section 18-3 Classification of Living Things DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph/ heterotroph Strep., E- coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph X-tremophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Eukarya Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of chitin Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts Plantae Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts Multicellular Autotroph Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Go to Section: Protist web site

Classification of Living Things Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Section 18-3 Classification of Living Things DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph/ heterotroph Strep., E- coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph X-tremophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Eukarya Animalia Eukaryote No cell walls or chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotroph Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of chitin Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts Plantae Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts Multicellular Autotroph Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Go to Section: Protist web site

Concept Map Section 18-3 Living Things Go to Section: Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells are characterized by Important characteristics and differing which place them in Domain Eukarya Cell wall structures such as which is subdivided into which place them in Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea which coincides with which coincides with Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria Go to Section:

Levels of Organization Section 1-3 Biosphere The part of Earth that contains all ecosystems Biosphere Ecosystem Community and its nonliving surroundings Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air Community Populations that live together in a defined area Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass Population Group of organisms of one type that live in the same area Bison herd Go to Section:

Levels of Organization continued Section 1-3 Organism Individual living thing Bison Tissues, organs, and organ systems Groups of Cells Nervous tissue Brain Nervous system Smallest functional unit of life Cells Nerve cell Groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds Molecules Water DNA Go to Section:

Abiotic and Biotic Factors Section 4-2 Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM Go to Section: