Brief Response Name the two systems of law that developed during the rise of the Roman republic and compare them. Explain why the Romans developed the second system. Discussion: sample Suggested response: The first system of law developed during the Roman republic was called the civil law. It applied only to Roman citizens. The civil law was based on numerous rules and judges’ opinions. Over time, the Romans expanded into new territories. This created a problem for their system of laws since they needed to cover both citizens and foreign subjects. So the Romans developed a second system of laws based on the laws of nature and reason. This system was supposed to apply to all people. It was known as the law of nations. It grew out of Stoic philosophy and the idea of natural rights.

What do you know about Jews or the Jewish Faith?

Thoughtful Review He who trusts any man with supreme power gives it to a wild beast, for such his appetite sometimes makes him; passion influences those in power, even the best of men, but law is reason without desire. -Aristotle Which feature of modern Western democratic government reflects Aristotle’s views as given here? A direct election of members of the legislature. The power of the courts to review the law. The granting of emergency powers to the chief executive. The requirement that government actions must adhere to the law.

The beginning of the Abrahamic faiths. Judaism The beginning of the Abrahamic faiths.

Lecture/Discussion Material from your reading

Why Judaism? Judaism is the root of the “Judeo-Christian” tradition, believed in by most people in Western Civilization It is the religion of the Hebrews. Key ideas include: Equality (leaders are not “above the law” Justice Duty/responsibility Rule of law

Where is Palestine/Israel? Hebrews were a nomadic people in West Asia, they settled in the areas of Canaan and Palestine. (go to Google Earth)

Jerusalem: After David became king, a capital was built. Holy to Jews: for the Temple of Solomon (where the Ten Commandments were kept) Holy to Christians: Jesus died there and rose to Heaven from there. Holy to Muslims: Muhammad rose to his god from there. (go to Google Earth)

Founding a Faith Abraham: The one who started Judaism Prophet: The leader of a religion, who expresses the main teachings Other spiritual leaders who interpreted the Jewish god’s will Isaiah Jeremiah Moses

Challenging contemporary religions Monotheistic: A religion where there is only one god Jewish religion has one god, Surrounding cultures had many gods. (By Jewish law, saying his name is forbidden. The crime, with a penalty of death, is called blasphemy) Here we see a comedic skit about it

Key Scriptures EC: The main teachings of the Jews are written in the Torah: EC: The Torah is also the first five books of the Christian Bible. EC: Christians call it the ….. ‘Old Testament’

How are Ancient Jewish Laws and modern Western government similar? Belief in a citizen’s obedience/cooperation with the government Belief that government’s purpose is to protect the society. Belief that human leaders must obey the laws just like any other citizen. Belief in ethics among leaders Belief in a written code of laws

Do you know other famous Western law codes in history? Hammurabi Codes (Babylon) Laws of Moses (Judaism) Twelve Tables (Rome) Justinian Code (Byzantium) Sharia (Islam) What is the commonly known part of the Laws of Moses?

The Ten Commandments "I am the LORD your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt, from the house of slavery. You shall have no other gods before Me..." "Do not make an image or any likeness of what is in the heavens above..." "Do not swear falsely by the name of the LORD..." "Remember [zachor] the Sabbath day and keep it holy" "Honor your father and your mother..." "Do not murder" "Do not commit adultery." "Do not steal." "Do not bear false witness against your neighbor" "Do not covet your neighbor's wife"

Two Types of Law Modern Western people have two types of law. made by the people, based on traditions, social beliefs, previous decisions, voting, is called ___________________ Law Secular Used predominately by most nations today based on a religious text, that cannot be changed by the people, because it is their god’s commandment, is called ___________________ Law Clerical Used by only a few nations today

12 Secular or Clerical? Are these part of the laws in modern Western cultures? You only need to provide valid evidence for your choice. Clerical Clerical/secular "I am the LORD your God You shall have no other gods before Me..." "Do not make an image or any likeness of what is in the heavens above..." "Do not swear falsely by the name of the LORD..." "Remember [zachor] the Sabbath day and keep it holy" "Honor your father and your mother..." "Do not murder" "Do not commit adultery." "Do not steal." "Do not bear false witness against your neighbor" "Do not covet your neighbor's wife"

Ethics Ethics are very important in the Jewish faith. Jewish moral standards of behavior. There are two: individual (the way one behaves at home, in the family) community. (the way one behaves with everyone outside the home)

Shunned/Attacked by Others Diaspora: Events when Jews were taken or driven out of Israel are documented in the Torah. There were several Assyria drove all the Jews to its capital as slaves. This is called the Babylonian Captivity.

Shunned Or Attacked by Others Perhaps the most devastating diaspora was under the Roman Empire. Rome demanded Jews obey all laws, even those that conflicted with Jewish beliefs i.e. Caesar is a living god Jewish insurgents attacked Romans. Rome seized Jerusalem and drove most Jews out by 70 CE, sacking and destroying their holy sites Shown in this victory frieze found in Rome.

Shunned/Attacked by others Jews fled to many parts of the world, many to Europe. Over time, Europeans resented the Jews as foreigners. They suspected them of greed, treachery, and selfishness When Europeans became Christian, they hated Jews for killing Jesus. Eastern Europeans forced them to live in separate neighborhoods = ghettos. And, yet, the European Christian religion was basically Jewish.

One might characterize the history of the Israelites ….….. Jews migrated or were forced in and out of their homeland several times. They stayed united through their adherence to the rules of their faith which taught (3) Equality Cooperation Rule of law

Homework and Notes

Text, p. 29, Standards Check Question Their history is a series of migrations, including Abraham’s journey into Canaan. The exodus from Egypt (led by Moses) The Babylonian Captivity

p. 29, The Western Wall Question It is both an historic and current symbol of their faith.

Text, p. 30, Standards Check Question Jews believe in one god. They believe that they had to uphold a covenant with that god to obey the god’s laws.

Text, p. 31, Standards Check Question The Ten Commandments Found in the Book of Exodus In the Torah

Text, p. 32, Standards Check Question It began with the exile to Babylon, 586 BCE (BC). After which, some Jews chose not to return to Canaan. Then, the Romans drove out many Jews from “Judea” in 70CE (AD) As punishment for rebelling against Roman rule.

Ancient Jews and Western Ideals Write your answers on the worksheet. Collaborate in groups.

Brief Response How did the beliefs of the ancient Israelites influence Western views on social organization and the rule of law?