EPSC Earthquake Detection Systems

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Presentation transcript:

EPSC 330 - Earthquake Detection Systems Yousef Eshaq & Numan Malik March 27th

Earthquakes Destructive nature of earthquakes requires the need for detection systems. Particularly early detection systems.

Energy released by Earthquakes log10 E = 13.8 + 1.5M Where M is the magnitude of earthquake in Richter Scale. Ex. An Earthquake of M=4.5, Releases: 3.55E+20 J An Earthquake of M=9, Releases energy enough to cover 60% of the annual Canadian household consumption. Equivalent to 25,000 Nuclear bombs

Earthquake Detection. Earliest Seismoscope 132 A.D Invented by the Chang Heng Instrument is reported to have detected a 400 mile distant Earthquake.

Europe 18th Century J. de la Haute Feuille—Bowl of Mercury. (Responds to tilting of the Earth’s surface rather than horizontal displacements) Nicholas Cirillo (1747)—Pendulums (Amplitude of oscillations) Andrea Bina (1751)—Pendulum with pointer attached. D. Domemico Salsano—Pendulum with ink. Note: Calabrian Earthquakes (1783) induced a lot of interest.

19th Century Forbes Seismometer. Inverted pendulum supported by wire with adjustable stiffness. Friction due to pencil affected readings.

Explosion Seismology Robert Mallet (1851)— Measured speed of elastic waves from Dynamite explosions to approximate the velocity of Earthquake waves.

Palmieri’s Seismoscope Using tubes of mercury and electricity, he was able to record earthquake time and intensity

Important dates preceding Palmier’s Seismograph (5) 1879- Seismographs developed in Japan. 1903-International Seismological Association Formed 1906 - Galitzin electromagnetic seismograph developed in Russia 1935 - Charles Richter publishes Richter Scale measuring intensity of earthquake energy

Modern Earthquake Detection Seismometer Seismograph

CMG-40T Triaxial Broadband Seismometer Lightweight for quick installation Digital Output Force Feedback Waterproof

Model S-13 Period adjust Simplified field maintenance Excellent stability over long periods of time More than 4500 units in operation

Teleseismometers CMG-40TOBS A low frequency 3-direction seismometers A small mass is confined by electric forces Using feedback control the mass is kept steady as the container moves. Forces required to keep mass steady are recorded.

Working Principle of Seismometer Using a mass, spring, and damper system, seismometers can record the vibrations of the case. Typically using large mass and low spring stiffness. As the base moves the suspended mass remains still. Modern seismometer record the movements of the earthquake digitally.

Early Warning Earthquake Detection Systems Detecting P-waves, to provide early warning before the arrival of an S-wave.

Conclusion Seismometer are important tools to understand and study earthquakes. Early warning systems are proven to be effective, if implemented into an existing infrastructure correctly.

Refrences http://www.math.wichita.edu/~richardson/earthquake.html http://www.openhazards.com/faq/earthquakes-faults-plate- tectonics-earth-structure-user-submitted-questions/what-energy https://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-526-s/2010001/part-partie1- eng.htm http://dev.nsta.org/evwebs/1223/historyb.htm