Other things we add to food “Specific Additives” Other things we add to food

How does the FDA determine that a food additive is safe? “Manufacturers must demonstrate to FDA that the additive:” “1. is effective” “2. can be detected and measured in the final food product.” Why?

“Additive Types” “1. To improve safety and quality” “Nitrites” “used to cure processed meats” Linked to cancer, Alzheimer’s type 2 diabetes, Parkinson’s.

“Preservatives:” “BHA/BHT: prevent fats from rotting” “antioxidants” May cause hyperactivity in kids “antioxidants” Some safe, some not

“sodium nitrate: preserves meats” “benzoic acid: preserves acidic food” Pickles, sodas, sparkling water Large amounts, affects liver and kidneys “Sulfites: maintain color, prevent bacteria”

“Trans fats” “partially hydrogenated fats, shelf-stable” Estimated 70,000 heart attacks a year

“Humectants” “Leaveners” “emulsifiers” “help keep products moist” “yeast, baking soda, help food rise” “emulsifiers” “help oil and water mix” Soy lecithin

“2. Flavoring Agents” “MSG” “monosodium glutamate” “Enhances flavors,” adds umami flavor common in Asian foods Some see severe neurological symptoms Required to be on food labels

“3. Colors/dyes” “Red 3, yellow 5, blue 1, etc.” “Caramel Coloring” “6 may have behavioral effects in children.” In Europe, must warn of behavioral effects on label! Possible ADHD link? “Caramel Coloring” Can be safe, depending on how it’s made. “When made with ammonia, puts off a carcinogen,” 2-methylimidazole.

“4. Fat replacers/artificial fats” “Olestra” “similar to fat, but body cannot break down” so zero-calorie Takes fat-soluble vitamins with it! FDA requires supplementation with other vits “Risks of loose, oily stools.” Ick.

“5. Food Processing” Changes to food during manufacture “Canning: boil food to sterilize it, seal in can or jar” Causes substantial loss of water-soluble vitamins

“Extrusion: Grind, heat, blend, color food, push paste through screens to make shapes” Considerable nutrient losses; all vitamins, fiber, magnesium lost Fake bacon, Pringles, puffs, etc.