UNITED STATES AT WAR Composition of the United States Military during WWI (1917-18) … 18% foreign born 25% of eligible Native Americans African Americans Women in the military Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 … Granted full U.S. citizenship Recognition of military service in WWI

Traditional Lands of the Oceti Sakowin

Important Local Events: Great Sioux Reservation of 1868 1874 – Custer Black Hills Expedition 1874-79 – Black Hills Gold Rush 1876 – Battle of the Little Bighorn 1877 – Black Hills Cession 1879 – American Indian Boarding School Movement (first Lakota children taken) 1883 – Court of Indian Offenses 1887 – Dawes Act 1889 – Sioux Act of 1889

Assimilation * Assimilation – to be “absorbed into American society”; more adequately means being forced to adopt the dominant, American culture. (1860 – 1870’s) American Indian Boarding Schools (1883) Court of Indian Offenses (1887) Dawes Act

Assimilation Boarding Schools – Based upon the theory of “Kill the Indian, Save the Man” Cultural genocide Forbidden to speak Native languages & practice traditional practices The “Outing” program …

“Court of Indian Offenses” Read the handout …

Assimilation (1887) - Dawes Act – communal tribal lands divided into 160 acre allotments per family Two cows and yoke of oxen Farm tools $20 cash Seed for five acres for two years 40 Acres 40 Acres 160 Acre Allotments 40 Acres 40 Acres

- The Black Hills Cession of 1877 was later considered illegal by the U.S. Supreme Court in U.S. Government vs. Sioux Nation (1980) … The Black Hills Cession violated the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868: ** Why was this illegal? “A more ripe and rank case of dishonorable dealing will never, in all probability, be found in our history …” - U.S. Claims Court, 1985

- Why the Black Hills Cession of 1877 was later considered illegal by the U.S. Supreme Court in U.S. Government vs. Sioux Nation (1980) … The Black Hills Cession violated the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868: (1) The number of Lakota males that agreed to give up the Black Hills never reached the ¾ requirement. (2) The U.S. Government cut-off food and annuity payments to Lakota people or the “surrender or starve” policy.

Excess lands opened for homesteading Loss of 9 million acres of land Sioux Act of 1889 – Creates six much smaller reservations in Western South Dakota with break-up of Great Sioux Reservation, including today’s … Pine Ridge Rosebud Cheyenne River Standing Rock Allotment of lands Excess lands opened for homesteading Loss of 9 million acres of land