Michel Rivier, Irina Safonova, Serge Michel

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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-α Enhances Lipid Metabolism in a Skin Equivalent Model Michel Rivier, Irina Safonova, Serge Michel Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 114, Issue 4, Pages 681-687 (April 2000) DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00939.x Copyright © 2000 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Localization of PPAR-α in reconstructed epidermis. Frozen sections of reconstructed skin were incubated with a polyclonal antibody directed against human PPAR-α. Labeled nuclei are indicated by arrows. Scale bar: 20 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2000 114, 681-687DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00939.x) Copyright © 2000 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Effect of the selective PPAR-α activator Wy 14,643 on MCG and neutral lipid content of reconstructed epidermis. Frozen sections of human skin (A, F) or reconstructed epidermis treated with control dimethyl sulfoxide (B, G) or Wy 14,643 at different concentrations (C, H: 25 μM; D, I: 50 μM; E, J: 75 μM). Sections were reacted with the monoclonal anti-MCG antibody (A–E) or stained using Oil Red O (F–J). Scale bars: (A–E) 80 μm; (F–J) 40 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2000 114, 681-687DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00939.x) Copyright © 2000 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Effect of the selective PPAR-α activator Wy 14,643 on lipid synthesis by reconstructed epidermis. Reconstructed epidermis was treated for 7 d during air exposure with Wy 14,643 at 50 and 75 μM and HPTLC analysis of the total lipid content was performed. After charring of the chromatography plates, lipid species were quantitated by scanning densitometry. Abbreviations are: cholesterol sulfate (CSO4), glycosphingolipids (GSL), ceramides (CER), free fatty acids (FFA), cholesterol (CH), lanosterol (LAN), triglycerides (TG), cholesteryl esters (CE). The results are presented as mean ± SEM of the replicates (n = 3) of two different experiments. Differences at *p <0.05, **p <0.01, or ***p <0.005 are indicated. N.S, nonsignificant. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2000 114, 681-687DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00939.x) Copyright © 2000 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Activation of PPAR-α with the selective agonist Wy 14,643 increases the ceramide content of reconstructed epidermis without affecting the general ceramide profile. Reconstructed epidermis was treated for 7 d during air exposure with Wy 14,643 at 50 and 75 μM and analysis of the ceramide content was performed using HPTLC. After charring of the chromatography plates, lipid species were quantitated by scanning densitometry. Ceramides (C1–C7) were named as previously described (Ponec et al. 1997) except for ceramide 2 that was separated into two fractions (C2 and C2′). The results are presented as mean ± SEM of the replicates (n = 3) of two different experiments. Differences at *p <0.05, **p <0.01, or ***p <0.005 are indicated. N.S, nonsignificant. (A) The ceramides are expressed as μg of lipids per cm2 of reconstructed epidermis. (B) The ceramides are expressed as percentage of the total ceramide content. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2000 114, 681-687DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00939.x) Copyright © 2000 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Effect of a combination of CD2624, an RXR agonist, and the selective PPAR-α activator Wy 14,643 on lipid synthesis by reconstructed epidermis. Reconstructed epidermis was treated for 7 d during air exposure with Wy 14,643 at 50 μM, or CD2624 at 1 μM or a combination of the two compounds and HPTLC analysis of the total lipid content was performed. After charring of the chromatography plates, lipid species were quantitated by scanning densitometry. Abbreviations are: cholesterol sulfate (CSO4), ceramides (CER), cholesteryl esters (CE). Ceramides (C1–C7) were named as previously described (Ponec et al. 1997) except for ceramide 2 that was separated in two fractions (C2 and C2′). The results are presented as mean ± SEM of the replicates (n = 3) of two different experiments. Differences at *p <0.05 or **p <0.01 are indicated. N.S, nonsignificant. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2000 114, 681-687DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00939.x) Copyright © 2000 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Expression of lipid metabolizing enzyme mRNA in reconstructed epidermis. Total RNA was prepared from untreated reconstructed epidermis and reverse transcription–PCR products were separated by gel electrophoresis. PCR products were as follow: acyl-CoA oxidase (lane 1, 367 bp), long chain acyl-CoA synthase (lane 2, 244 bp), steroid sulfatase (lane 3, 451 bp), HMG CoA synthase (lane 4, 352 bp), HMG CoA reductase (lane 5, 413 bp), eFABP (lane 6, 280 bp), ceramide glucose synthase (lane 7, 347 bp), β-glucocerebrosidase (lane 8, 407 bp), sphingomyelinase (lane 9, 390 bp), and SPT2 (lane 10, 310 bp). Lane 11 represents 100 bp DNA ladder. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2000 114, 681-687DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00939.x) Copyright © 2000 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 Effect of the selective PPAR-α activator Wy 14,643 on the expression of mRNA encoding lipid metabolizing enzyme. Reconstructed epidermis was treated for 24 h with Wy 14,643 either at day 4 or day 8 after air exposure. The expression level of the different lipid metabolizing enzyme mRNA and of eFABP was determined by semiquantitative reverse transcription–PCR. The abbreviations are as follow: acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO), long chain acyl-CoA synthase (LACS), steroid sulfatase (STS), HMG CoA reductase (Red), HMG CoA synthase (Syn), eFABP, β-glucocerebrosidase (βGlu), ceramide glucose synthase (Cer), serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT2), and sphingomyelinase (Sphin). The results are presented as mean ± SEM of the replicates (n = 3) of three different experiments and differences at *p <0.05, **p <0.01, or ***p <0.005 are indicated. N.S, nonsignificant. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2000 114, 681-687DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00939.x) Copyright © 2000 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 8 SPT and β-glucocerebrosidase activity is increased in reconstructed skin after treatment with the selective PPAR-α activator Wy 14,643. Reconstructed epidermis was treated for 7 d during air exposure with control dimethyl sulfoxide, Wy 14,643 at 50 μM or 75 μM. Fractions were prepared and assayed for SPT or β-glucocerebrosidase activity as described in Materials and Methods. The results are presented as mean ± SEM of the replicates (n = 3) of three different experiments and differences at ***p <0.005 are indicated. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2000 114, 681-687DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00939.x) Copyright © 2000 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 9 Enzymes involved in the ceramide pathways. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2000 114, 681-687DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00939.x) Copyright © 2000 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions