I. Geography Skills A. Terms

1. Latitude: - Distance north or south of equator - Lines called parallels

2. Equator: 0 degrees latitude - halfway between North and South Poles

3. Longitude: Distance east and west of Prime Meridian Lines called meridians

4. Prime Meridian: 0 degrees longitude, at Greenwich, England; time start point

5. International Date Line –180 degrees longitude

6. Grid: formed by lines of lat. and long.

Tripoli: 33° North Lat. and 13° East Long.

7. Degrees - measure of distance: 60 minutes in degree 60 seconds in minute Example: 36°37’30"N 087°26’22"W

8. Hemispheres – half of the globe Western and Eastern Map of the World, 1597 Northern and Southern map dated 1/1/1790

B. Mapmaking

1. Map: flat diagram of all or part of Earth’s surface

2. Atlas: collection of maps in one book

3. Map Projections: Ways of showing round world on flat maps

C. Map Essentials

1. Legend or Key – explain what symbols represent

2. Compass Rose – arrows point in cardinal directions

3. Scales – measure distance

4. Inset maps –small part of larger map

D. Working with maps

1. Physical-political maps: show physical and political features

2. Climate Maps: show weather patterns

3. Population maps: show where people live, population density

4. Economic maps: show resources, industries

E. Using Graphs and Diagrams

Bar graph Pie Graph Line Graph 1. Three common types Bar graph Pie Graph Line Graph Chart Chooser

2. Climograph – compares temperature and precipitation

3. Tables – statistical information

4. Timelines – Events over a period of time

II. Geography and History

A. Themes of geography

1. Location - where a place is on Earth

1101 Bastogne Avenue, Ft. Campbell, KY Absolute Location – exact spot Relative Location – position in relation to other places 1101 Bastogne Avenue, Ft. Campbell, KY Between Gates 2 and 3

2. Place - physical or human characteristics make it different

3. Human-Environment Interaction – humans shape/change/adapt to the environment

4. Movement - People, goods, and ideas move continuously: spatial interaction

B. Themes of History

1. Economics - development of economic systems

2. Government - different forms how they affect society

3. Culture - Influence on social and political events

4. Science and Technology - effects on culture and society

5. Citizenship - Rights and responsibilities Society’s ideas of citizenship

6. Belief Systems

Prehistory - time before history, before writing was invented C. How Do We Know? Prehistory - time before history, before writing was invented

1. Anthropologist - Study origins and development of people and societies Anthropology studies all aspects of human life in all geographic regions of all time periods

2. Archaeologist – study artifacts of past people and cultures

3. Geologists date artifacts by age of nearby rocks

Animal bones dug up in an Indian trash midden 4. Botanists and zoologists examine seeds and animal bones to determine diet Animal bones dug up in an Indian trash midden

5. Climatologists determine past the weather conditions

6. Biologists analyze human bones or bloodstains on tools, weapons

D. Historians Reconstruct the Past Study how people lived using artifacts and written records A tortoise shell from the Shang period (1766-1122 BC) inscribed with characters believed to be the first form of Chinese writing

1. Written records began as oral traditions African Griots – (1925)

2. Oral tradition include: Family history Stories about heroes Events in the past

3. Tell how a society lived and what people considered important