Role of the dual interaction of fungal pathogens with pattern recognition receptors in the activation and modulation of host defence  M.G. Netea, J.W.M. Van der Meer, B-J. Kullberg  Clinical Microbiology and Infection  Volume 12, Issue 5, Pages 404-409 (May 2006) DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01388.x Copyright © 2006 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signals in the induction of inflammation and the activation of antiinflammatory mechanisms. TLRs induce release of both pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IFNγ, and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. Whereas TLR4-mediated signals induce a more prominent Th1-type response, TLR2-stimulation leads to a more pronounced Th2-type anti-inflammatory cytokine profile. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2006 12, 404-409DOI: (10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01388.x) Copyright © 2006 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Evasion from pattern recognition during germination. Dimorphic fungi such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus escape immune recognition during germination from yeasts to hyphae. In contrast, yeasts are recognised by three different recognition systems, namely TLR4, dectin-1 and TLR2; the hyphae are recognised only by TLR2. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2006 12, 404-409DOI: (10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01388.x) Copyright © 2006 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions