Opioids and neovascularization; pro or anti?

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Opioids and neovascularization; pro or anti? W. Mahbuba, D.G. Lambert British Journal of Anaesthesia Volume 115, Issue 6, Pages 821-824 (December 2015) DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev357 Copyright © 2015 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Schematic representation of the possible mechanisms involved in opioid increased angiogenesis. Akt, Protein kinase B (PKB); C-Src, tyrosine kinase; EC, Endothelial cell; EGF, Epidermal growth factor; eNOS, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ERK, Extracellular signal-regulated kinases; GDP, Guanosine diphosphate; GP, guanine nucleotide binding protein; HIF-1α, Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinases; PI-3Kinase, Phosphoinositide 3 kinase; PKC, Protein kinase C; RAS, (Rat Sarcoma) protein; Rho/Rho kinase, GTP binding proteinSAPK/JNK, stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun-NH2-kinase; SF, stress fibers; VEGF/R, Vascular endothelial growth factor/receptor. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2015 115, 821-824DOI: (10.1093/bja/aev357) Copyright © 2015 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions