Chapter 2 Section 1

Focus Question Who was Charles V?

Exploration 1400’s Europe began exploring the seas Wanted to know what was out in the open oceans Didn’t know what the world looked like Thought the Earth was flat Motivation for Exploration Population growth Desire for goods and riches Spices were the most valued goods Preserve food, make medicines Moluccas island produced the most spices Arabs controlled the Spice Trade Brought spices to Italy Italy sold them to the rest of Europe Europe was tired of buying spices from Italy

Portugal Sails East Portugal wanted to discover new lands Prince Henry led the way Wanted Portugal to be prestigious 1415 Portugal sailed to Africa Claimed parts of Africa Saw Africa as a land of potential wealth Wanted to Christianize the natives Wanted an easier way to reach India Meant going around the coast of Africa Had to redesign ships Long journey Bartholomew Dias rounded the horn of Africa in 1488

Seeking India 1497 Vasco da Gama sailed around the horn of Africa Looking for the spice islands in India Took 10 months Lost half their men Thirst, hunger, dysentery, scurvy Reached Calcutta Left men there to claim the spices Portugal's world Status increases Portugal's success spurs other nations to explore the world

Columbus Sails West Italian born navigator that lived in Portugal Portugal wouldn’t sponsor him Goes to Spain Spain sponsors him hoping to get rich Ferdinand and Isabella are monarchs Columbus wanted to reach India Sailed west from Spain Took three ships Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria October 12,1492 Columbus reaches the Caribbean Thought he was in the Indies Name the region the “West Indies” Claimed the Region for Spain Returned for more men and supplies

Fight for Land 1493 Spain wanted the Pope to declare the lands Columbus found for Spain Portugal disputes their claims Line of Demarcation was created Spain has rights to the west of the line, Portugal had rights to the east of the line Treaty of Tordesililas created the line in 1494 Vespucci coined the term “America” Magellan set out to explore the world Wanted to find a route to India Was the first crew to circumnavigate the world Magellan died before they made the complete trip

Who was Christopher Columbus? Focus Question Who was Christopher Columbus?

Section 2

What was the line of Demarcation? Focus Question What was the line of Demarcation?

Portugal Gains Footholds Portuguese were looking for a direct route to Asia when they found Africa Wanted to buy goods directly from the Arabs instead of having to go through the Italians Began building trading ports Not permanent ports Traded ivory, muskets, hides, slaves Portuguese stayed by the shore Afraid of the interior Attacked towns for goods expelled the Arabs Took the slave trade over Only wanted to take the non Christians Became the dominant European power

African Slave Trade Explodes 1500’s Europe began to view slaves as the most important item of the African trade Seen the wealth Portugal had gained from buying and selling slaves Slavery had existed in the world since ancient times Prisoners of war and felons Europeans enter the slave trade Bought slaves as cheap labor to work on their plantations Exotic servants

Europe and the Slave trade Europeans relied on African rulers and traders to seize captives in the interior and bring them to the coast Would round them up in traps March them to the coast Exchanged for rum, tobacco, weapons, textiles For the next 300 years the slave trade grew into the most profitable business in the world. Europe made billions of dollars from the slave trade Slaves were considered property, not people Families were torn apart Slaves were beat, starved, branded, and treated poorly

African Leaders Resist Some African leaders tried to stop the slave trade Many did not however, because that was Africa's main source of income Affonso I begged the Portuguese to stop the slave trade He was a Christian man and so were his people The Portuguese were taking his people The slave trade was too large and powerful for just a few to try to stop

New African States Emerge The loss of thousands of men and women resulted in villages disappearing Slave traders wanted young adults and children Caused a population decrease in Africa Asante Kingdom emerged in Ghana Dominated the slave trade Formed a monopoly Oyo Empire emerged in Nigeria Dominated that region of the slave trade European Presence Expands Europe followed the Portuguese

Europe in Africa Other countries began to surpass Portugal in terms of power Britain, France, Netherlands surpass Portugal in terms of wealth and power Establish permanent settlements Cape town Britain and France began to dived up Africa Led to fighting between the two nations Now Africa is completely controlled by Europe

Section 3

What is the Dutch East Indies trading Company? Focus Question What is the Dutch East Indies trading Company?

European Footholds in Southeast Asia Portugal was the first European power to gain a foothold in Asia. Portuguese ships were small, but their firepower was unmatched Helped them gain control of the Indian Ocean Portugal Builds an Eastern Empire Alfonzo de Albuquerque sailed to the Indian Ocean Landed in the Mughal Empire India was still controlled by local Princes Portugal won over these princes with riches

Portugal in India Portugal wanted to control India and the spice trade 1510 Portugal seizes Goa an island off India making it a military base Albuquerque crushed Asian fleets In a 50 year span Portugal had built a worldwide trading post Portugal now controled the spice trade between India and Europe Portugal made harsh efforts to convert the natives Destroyed temples and attacking Muslims Converted less than a million people between 1500-1600

Rise of the Dutch The Dutch were the first Europeans to challenge Portugal for Asian Trade The Protestant Netherlands challenged the Catholic Portuguese Dutch Ships had made the Netherlands a world power Their ships were larger and stronger than those of other nations The Dutch set up trading posts around the world to sell and trade their goods

The Powerful Dutch In 1602 a group of wealthy Dutch created the Dutch East India Company Had an unusual amount of power Had full sovereign powers Build armies, wage wars, negotiate treaties, govern overseas territory 1641 Dutch take “Spice Islands” from Portugal Creating a monopoly in the spice trade The Dutch are going to remain in power until the 1700’s when France and Britain take over power

Spain Spain takes over the Philippines Magellan had reached the Philippines in 1521 and claimed the land By 1570 Spain had conquered and colonized the land Remained it Philippines after King Phillip Spanish wanted to Christianize the Filipinos Met harsh resistance Philippines was the key to overseas success

Mughal India When Europe enters India the world in which they know starts to change India becomes the leader in spices, cloth, textiles Prosperous in the beginning India began to weaken because of Religious conflict Europe sees this as devastating Each European nation creates a protectorate Used Sepoys Hired soldiers

Why did China, Japan, and Korea not want outside influences? Focus Question Why did China, Japan, and Korea not want outside influences?

Why did Europe try to overthrow the Mughals? Focus Question Why did Europe try to overthrow the Mughals?