Basics of Chemistry Module 12 – 16’

Chemistry Chemistry - Science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different chemical conditions Organic Chemistry – is the study of substances that contain carbon All living things are made up of compounds that contain carbon Organic compounds will burn

Inorganic Chemistry – branch of chemistry dealing with compounds lacking carbon Inorganic substances are not, and never were alive Inorganic substances will not burn Did You Know? Page 255

Matter Any substances that occupies space Has physical and chemical properties Exists in the form of solid, liquid, or gas

Elements The simplest form of matter Cannot be broken down into simpler substances without loss of identity 90 naturally occurring Identified by a letter symbol Periodic Table of Elements

Atoms Smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of the element Cannot be divided into smaller substances by ordinary chemical means

Molecules Formed by chemically joining two or more atoms in definite proportions Elemental Molecules – contain two or more atoms of the same element that are united in definite proportions

Compound Molecules – chemical combinations of two or more atoms of different elements definite proportions and distinct properties Salt or water Pure Hydrogen Peroxide Figure 12-1, 12-2, page 256

States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Table 12 -1 page 257 Definite shape and volume Liquid Definite volume, but not shape Gas Does not have definite volume or shape Table 12 -1 page 257

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter Physical Properties Those characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction Do not cause a chemical change in the identify of the substances Color, odor, weight, density, gravity, melting point, boiling pint, hardness

Chemical Properties Those characteristics that can only be determined with a chemical reaction Cause a chemical change in the identity of the substances Chemical reaction known as oxidation creates a chemical change in the identity of the substances Rusting iron – rust Burning wood - ash

Chemical Change Is a change in the chemical and physical properties of a substance by a chemical reaction that creates a new substance or substances The result of a chemical reaction that creates new chemicals that have new chemical and physical properties Oxidation of haircolor Polymerization of acrylic (methacrylate) nail enhancements

Physical and Chemical Changes Physical Change A change in the form or physical properties of a substance without the formation of a new substance No chemical reaction involved No new chemicals are formed Solid ice changes into water Temporary hair color changes the appearance of hair by physically adding color to the surface of the hair

Oxidation-reduction – redox – chemical reaction where the oxidizing agent is reduced (loses oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (gains the oxygen) Oxidizing Agent – substance that releases oxygen. Reducing Agent – substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound.

Reduction – process through which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance through chemical reaction Reduction Reaction – the above chemical reaction Oxidation & reduction happen at same time Did You Know - page 258 Figure 12 – 6

Oxidation requires oxygen Exothermic Reactions – chemical reactions that release a significant amount of heat Combustion – is a rapid oxidation of a substance with the production of heat and light Lighting a match Oxidation requires oxygen

Pure Substances and Physical Mixtures Is a chemical combination of matter Definite proportions Have unique properties Atoms, elements, elemental compounds and compound molecules are pure substances

Physical mixture is a physical combination of matter in any proportion Properties of a physical mixture are the combined properties of the substances in the mixture Saltwater Figure 12-7, PP 259

Physical Mixtures – physical combination of matter Tale 12-2, PP 260 Physical Mixtures – physical combination of matter Mixed in any proportion Solution of Hydrogen Peroxide

Solutions, Suspensions, and Emulsions Solution is a stable mixture of 2 or more mixable substances Solids, liquids, gaseous Solute is the substance that is dissolved in a solution Solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution Usually a liquid No change in chemical composition

Miscible liquids are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed into stable solutions Mixed in any proportion without separating Water and alcohol Immiscible liquids are not capable of being mixed into stable solutions Water and oil

Suspension is an unstable mixture of undissolved particles in a liquid Particles visible to the naked eye Not usually transparent May e colored Oil and vinegar

Emulsion is an unstable mixture of 2 or more immiscible substances united with the aid of an emulsifier Emulsify means “to form an emulsion” Emulsifier – an ingredient that brings 2 normally incompatible material together & binds them into uniform & fairly stable blend

Surfactants – substances that allow oil & water to mix or emulsify Surfactant – contraction for surface active agent Table 12 – 3 page 262 Hydrophilic Lipophilic

Oil-in-water emulsion Water-in-oil emulsion Other physical mixtures Figure 12-9, 12-10 – page 254 Did You Know - Page 255

Common Chemical Product Ingredients Volatile alcohols Aklanolamines Ammonia Glycerin Silicones Volatile Organic Compounds

Potential Hydrogen (pH) Water & pH The pH Scale Acids & Alkalis Acid-Alkali Neutralization Reactions Chemistry will help you in the Salon Figure 12 – 13 page 258