Commanding CNS Invasion: GM-CSF Junjie Zhao, Lillian Sun, Xiaoxia Li  Immunity  Volume 46, Issue 2, Pages 165-167 (February 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.02.003 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 GM-CSF Drives the Expansion of CNS-Invading Phagocytes Dysregulated production of GM-CSF by T helper cells induces the expansion of inflammatory monocyte-derived cells (MdCs) in the periphery. The GM-CSF-expanded inflammatory MdCs are capable of producing IL-1β and ROS, which breach the blood-brain barrier and activate the microglia. Activated microglia secrete CCL2 and further recruit the CCR2-expressing inflammatory MCs into the CNS. The infiltrating inflammatory MCs then differentiate into ROS-producing phagocytes, resulting in demyelination and loss of nerve fiber. Immunity 2017 46, 165-167DOI: (10.1016/j.immuni.2017.02.003) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions