Europe: The Base of Imperialism Section 1: Key Terms

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why did European nations seek to expand their power through Imperialism (Empire Building) around the world?

1. Nationalism A connection to a people and/or a place Common language, religion, and national symbols Countries in Europe are strongly nationalistic after the Enlightenment and following revolutions A connection to a people and/or a place Common language, religion, and national symbols Countries in Europe are strongly nationalistic Napoleon helped Europe to become nationalistic in the early 1800s. 100 years later, most of the nations are strongly patriotic. NEXT SLIDE: Social Darwinism

2. Social Darwinism "In the struggle for survival, the fittest win out at the expense of their rivals because they succeed in adapting themselves best to their environment." Charles Darwin "In the struggle for survival, the fittest win out at the expense of their rivals because they succeed in adapting themselves best to their environment." Charles Darwin 1859 book “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” - Explained that basic organism give way to complex organisms over millions of years due to mutations that allow for a particular species (plant or animal) to best adapt to its surroundings. - Objections to theory that human beings evolved from lesser species and that we are not unique creations of God. Darwin was specifically speaking about the natural world (animals and how they react to predators, etc.). NEXT SLIDE: Herbert Spencer

2. Social Darwinism “Junk” science Took Darwin’s ideas on the biological world and applied them to human society Western nations succeed because they “adapted best to the environment.” Herbert Spencer was a sociologist/philosopher Took Darwin’s ideas on the biological world and applied them to human society Western nations succeed because they “adapted best to the environment.” On a personal level – “the strong and fit” rise to the top and advance in life while the weak decline.

3. New Imperialism Industrialized nations needed: Raw materials Customers for goods Targets for Imperialism: Africa Asia Latin America European nations looking to control territory Africa Europeans saw African an Asian societies as sources of raw materials and a market for European goods. The West no longer traded gold and silver for cloves, pepper, tea and silk. Now the products of European factors were sent East while oil, tin, rubber and other raw materials were shipped West (to Europe). Imperialism is not new (think about Columbus) Old Imperialism = trading posts and missionary work New Imperialism = total control of vast territories Asia

Raw Materials: iron cotton rubber iron ore coal salt sugar coffee beans soybeans rice silk gold silver diamonds Sugar plantation Coffee harvest

4. Cash Crop/Commodities A crop that is grown for money (profit, NOT sustenance). Coffee, cocoa, sugar cane, bananas, oranges and cotton are all grown as a source of income. A commodity is an item whose value is set by its quantity on the market

British Empire - 1914

French Empire - 1914

British Officer/Local Troops 5. Colonialism Industrialized nations colonized underdeveloped nations trying to directly control all aspects of that nation Direct Rule (expensive) by European: Governors Officials Soldiers Examples of Colonial control: France Algeria Indo China Great Britain India Kenya Very Expensive form of Imperial Control In Burma, the local monarchy opposed British rule so the British abolished the monarchy and directly administered the country. In Indochina, France imposed direct rule over southern provinces while the northern provinces were governed by a protectorate. Colonialism (direct rule) is the first form of imperial control. There are others… British Officer/Local Troops

From North to South Africa the “Colossus of Rhodes” 6. Protectorate 2nd form of Imperial Control Indirect rule (much cheaper than colonialism) Local rulers maintain control with “guidance” from the Imperial Nations’ leadership (think puppet and puppet master) France Tunisia Morocco Great Britain Sheik of Kuwait Egyptian King 2nd form of Imperial Control and cheaper Local Governor Local Officials Local Soldiers Local Customs – Important: maintains culture From North to South Africa the “Colossus of Rhodes”

China is divided between the Western powers 7. Sphere of Influence Europeans agree to “carve up” the country In China Europeans dealt directly with warlords establishing areas that barred others from trading. China is “carved up” by… Russia Japan Germany Great Britain France China is divided between the Western powers

British Scales of Justice 9. Extraterritoriality Protects Europeans while overseas Not subject to local laws; exempt from the jurisdiction of local authorities Happens throughout European Imperial land holdings in China, Africa, India, Southeast Asia and the Middle East Extraterritoriality is the state of being exempt from the jurisdiction of local law. The three most common cases recognized today internationally relate to the persons and belongings of foreign sovereigns, the persons and belongings of ambassadors and certain other diplomatic agents, and public ships in foreign waters. Extraterritoriality is often extended to friendly or allied militaries, particularly for the purposes of allowing that military to simply pass through one's territory. Extraterritoriality can also refer to the extension of the power of a nation's laws to its citizens abroad. For example, if a person commits homicide abroad and goes back to his country of citizenship, the latter can still try him under its own laws, although this is likely to involve transfer of evidence and other judicial information. British Scales of Justice