Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic.

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Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists Sanghamitra Sengupta, Lev A. Zhivotovsky, Roy King, S.Q. Mehdi, Christopher A. Edmonds, Cheryl-Emiliane T. Chow, Alice A. Lin, Mitashree Mitra, Samir K. Sil, A. Ramesh, M.V. Usha Rani, Chitra M. Thakur, L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Partha P. Majumder, Peter A. Underhill The American Journal of Human Genetics Volume 78, Issue 2, Pages 202-221 (February 2006) DOI: 10.1086/499411 Copyright © 2006 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Phylogenetic relationships and nomenclature of Y-chromosome binary HGs observed in India, Pakistan, and East Asia. The 69 informative binary markers that were haplotyped are indicated in plain font. The markers in italics are shown to provide phylogenetic context. The following polymorphisms were typed but not observed in Indian populations: M8, M25, M38, M39, M56, M67, M70, M88, M97, M147, M170, M204, M210, M217, M282, M297, and M319. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2006 78, 202-221DOI: (10.1086/499411) Copyright © 2006 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Revised phylogenetic relationships and nomenclature for Y-chromosome HG J2 The American Journal of Human Genetics 2006 78, 202-221DOI: (10.1086/499411) Copyright © 2006 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Spatial frequency distribution of Eurasian HG J2a-M410–related lineages. Plus signs (+) indicate geographic locations of population samples listed in table 4. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2006 78, 202-221DOI: (10.1086/499411) Copyright © 2006 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Spatial frequency and mean microsatellite variance distributions of Y-chromosome HGs in present-day India and Pakistan The American Journal of Human Genetics 2006 78, 202-221DOI: (10.1086/499411) Copyright © 2006 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Spatial frequency and mean microsatellite variance distributions of Y-chromosome HGs in present-day India and Pakistan The American Journal of Human Genetics 2006 78, 202-221DOI: (10.1086/499411) Copyright © 2006 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Median-joining network of Y-microsatellite haplotypes with HG O2a-M95 HG among Austro-Asiatic and Dravidian (gray nodes) and Tibto-Burman (black nodes) populations. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2006 78, 202-221DOI: (10.1086/499411) Copyright © 2006 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Plot of R1a1-M17–derived chromosomes against values for the first two principal components for 10 microsatellite loci. Indian population codes are as described in table 1. The Central Asian data include 10 chromosomes described by Underhill et al. (2000). The Turkish data are from Cinnioğlu et al. (2004). The Greek data (R.K., unpublished data) include 19 chromosomes. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2006 78, 202-221DOI: (10.1086/499411) Copyright © 2006 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions