Arthrosyndesmology

is science of anatomy and function of joints Arthrosyndesmology is science of anatomy and function of joints

Joints Solid non-synovial synarthroses Synovial cavitated diarthroses

Transitional form of bone articulations – hemiarthrosis (symphysis) It’s a cartilaginous joint having a cavity inside; gives a little mobility to pubic bones during parturition

Solid joints immovable (for stability) Synovial joints movable (for mobility)

(on the example of shoulder joint) Synovial joints (on the example of shoulder joint)

Obligatory pats of synovial joints Articulating surface Articular (joint) capsule Articular cavity

(on the example of shoulder joint) Synovial joints (on the example of shoulder joint)

covered by hyaline cartilage and participating in bone articulation Articular surfaces are the parts of bones covered by hyaline cartilage and participating in bone articulation Congruent

Articular capsule

Synarthroses Fibrous joints (syndesmoses) 2.Cartilaginous joints (synchondroses) 3.Osseus joints (synostoses)

Syndesmoses Ligaments Membranes Sutures Fontanelles Gomphoses

Ligaments

Ligaments Do not regard to synovial joints Surround synovial joints (extra-articular ligaments) 3. Located inside synovial joints (intra-articular ligaments)

Ligaments Connect the bones holding them near each other Form the openings that transmit vessels and nerves

filling wide spaces between them Membranes Connect bones filling wide spaces between them

1. Interosseous membranes

Membranes 2. Obturator membrane

3. Atlantooccipital membranes Tectorial membrane Posterior atlantooccipital membrane Anterior atlantooccipital membrane

4. External intercostal membrane Membranes 4. External intercostal membrane

5. Internal intercostal membrane Membranes 5. Internal intercostal membrane

Connect the skull bones Sutures Connect the skull bones Plan sutures Serrate sutures Squamous suture

Fontanelles Connect the skull bones in newborns and children during first year of life

Connect teeth to surrounding osseous tissue in jaw alveoli Gomphosys Connect teeth to surrounding osseous tissue in jaw alveoli Dental root Periodontium Jaw bone

Synchondroses Temporary Permanent

Synchondroses Temporary

Synchondroses 2. Permanent

Synchondroses Hyaline Fibrous

Synchondroses Hyaline

Synchondroses 2. Fibrous

Synostoses

Synovial joints (diarthroses) Classification based on the number of articulating surfaces Simple joints 3. Complex joints Compound 4. Combined joints joints

Simple joints

Compound joints

Complex joints

Combined joints

Synovial joints (diarthroses) Classification based on the shape of articulating surfaces and number of axes of movements Uni-axial joints Bi-axial joints Multi-axial joints

Types of movements Flexion-extension (around frontal axis) 2.Abduction-adduction (around sagittal axis) 3.Rotation (pronation-supination) (around vertical axis) 4. Circumduction

Synovial joints with limited movements are called amphyarthroses

Uni-axial joints Trochoid (pivot) joints Hinge joints

Uni-axial joints Trochoid (pivot) joints

Uni-axial joints Hinge joints

Bi-axial joints Ellipsoidal joints Saddle joints Condyloid joints

Bi-axial joints Ellipsoidal joints

Bi-axial joints Condyloid joints

Bi-axial joints Saddle joints

Multi-axial joints Ball-and-socket joints 2. Plane joints

Ball-and-socket joints Multi-axial joints Ball-and-socket joints

Multi-axial joints Plane joints

Accessory structures in the synovial joints 1. Intra-articular ligaments 2. Intra-articular cartilages (discs or menisci) 3. Articular labrum 4. Synovial folds 5. Sesamoid bones 6. Synovial bursae

Intra-articular ligaments

Intra-articular cartilages Menisci

Intra-articular cartilages Discs

Articular labrum

Synovial folds

Sesamoid bones

Synovial bursae

Factors effecting the range of movements at synovial joints Difference in square of articulating surfaces 2. Combination of joints 3. Thickness of articular capsule 4. Extra-articular ligaments 5. Muscles surrounding joint 6. Presence of accessory structures

Plan of description of synovial joints 1.The Latin name of the joint 2.The names of articulating surfaces 3. Accessory joint structures 4.The characteristic of the joint according to the Classifications of Synovial Joints: -based on the numbers of the articular surfaces (simple, compound, complex, combined): -based on the number of the axes of movements (uni-axial, bi-axial or multi-axial) and shape of articulating surfaces: 5.The movements at the joint 6.The ligaments reinforcing the joint

Intervertebral Articulations Vertebral discs, anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments Ligamenta flava Intertransverse ligaments Interspinous ligaments, supraspinous ligament Intervertebral synovial joint Vertebral bodies Vertebral arches Transverse processes Spinous Articular processes

Intervertebral Joint 1.Articulatio intervertebralis (zygapophysialis) 2.The facets on the superior and inferior articular processes 3.No accessory structures 4. Classification of intervertebral joint: -simple and combined (with upper and lower, right and left intervertebral joints); -plan multi-axial joint. 5. The movements at the joints: flexion and extension; lateral flexions; rotation and circumduction of vertebral column. 6.The ligaments reinforcing the joint: anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, ligamenta flava.

Articulations between atlas and axis Median and lateral atlantoaxial synovial joints Articulations between atlas and skull Atlantooccipital synovial joints

Median Atlantoaxial Joint 1.Articulatio atlantoaxialis mediana 2.The anterior and posterior facets on the dens; dental fovea on the atlas; transverse atlantal ligament 3.Transverse atlantal ligament 4. Classification of median atlantoaxial joint: -simple and combined (with lateral atlantoaxial and atlantooccipital joints and with cervical intervertebral joints); -trochoid uni-axial joint. 5. The movements at the joint: rotation of the head. 6.The ligaments reinforcing the joint: alar ligament; ligament of the dental apex.

Lateral Atlantoaxial Joint 1.Articulatio atlantoaxialis lateralis 2.The superior articular facets of the axis and inferior articular facets of the atlas No accessory structures 4. Classification of lateral atlantoaxial joint: -simple and combined (with median and second lateral atlantoaxial joints, with atlantooccipital joints and with cervical intervertebral joints); -plan. 5. The movements at the joint: gliding during the rotation of the head 6.The ligaments reinforcing the joint: alar ligament; ligament of the dental apex.

Atlantooccipital Joint 1.Articulatio atlantooccipitalis 2.The superior articular facets of atlas and occipital condyles No accessory structures 4. Classification of atlantooccipital joint: -simple and combined (with median and lateral atlantoaxial joints and with cervical intervertebral joints); -condylod bi-axial joint. 5. The movements at the joint: flexion and extension of the head; lateral flexions, circumduction) 6.The ligaments reinforcing the joint: anterior and posterior atlantooccipital membrane; tectorial membrane

Articulations between ribs and vertebrae Costovertebral joints: 1. Joint of costal head 2. Costotransverse joints

CostotransverseJoint Joint of Costal Head CostotransverseJoint 1.Articulatio costotransversarium 2.The facets on the costal tubercle and costal facets on the vertebral transverse processes 3. No accessory structures 1.Articulatio capitis costae 2.The facets on the costal head and costal facets on the vertebral bodies 3.Intra-articular ligament of costal head 4.Combined with each other; plane uni-axial 5. Rotation of posterior end of the ribs 6. Extra-articular ligament of the costal head; costotransverse ligament

Sternocostal Joint 1.Articulatio sternocostalis 2.Costal cartilages (II to VII) and costal notches of the sternum; 3.No accessory structures 4. Classification of sternocostal joint: -simple and combined (with each other and with costovertebral joints); -ellipsoidal uni-axial joint. 5. The movements at the joint: elevation and depression of anterior ends of the ribs 6.The ligaments reinforcing the joint: radiate sternocostal ligaments