Non-destructive electromechanical assessment (Arthro-BST) of human articular cartilage correlates with histological scores and biomechanical properties

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Non-destructive electromechanical assessment (Arthro-BST) of human articular cartilage correlates with histological scores and biomechanical properties S. Sim, A. Chevrier, M. Garon, E. Quenneville, A. Yaroshinsky, C.D. Hoemann, M.D. Buschmann Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 22, Issue 11, Pages 1926-1935 (November 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.08.008 Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Trimming and fixation of the distal femur and central/posterior condyles onto the sample holder and cored sample with the position grid superimposed. (A) Distal femur cut horizontally with the band saw; (B) Fixation of the femur onto the cylindrical platform by screws positioned to remain at least 1 cm from the articular surface; (C) Central/posterior condyles cut with the band saw at the correct orientation; (D) Fixation of the central/posterior condyles onto the cylindrical platform by screws positioned to remain at least 1 cm from the articular surface; (E) Top view of the trochlea, anterior and central condyles cored; (F) Top view of the central/posterior condyles cored. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1926-1935DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.08.008) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 (A) Arthro-BST device with the testing chamber and the camera-positioning software; (B) Arthro-BST manually compressing the cartilage surface; (C) Photograph of an osteochondral core used for cartilage thickness measurement; (D) Photograph of the osteochondral core maintained in the sample holder during mechanical characterization; (E) Mechanical tester equipped with manual angular and horizontal positioner. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1926-1935DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.08.008) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 (A, B, C) Representative Safranin O/Fast Green stained sections for three groups of the Mankin score and the corresponding electromechanical QP (mean ± SD, N = 110 cores); (D, E) Representative PLM slides for two groupings of the PLM score and the corresponding QP (mean ± SD, N = 68 cores). Bars = 1 mm. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1926-1935DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.08.008) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 (A) Positive correlation between electromechanical QP and water content; (B) Negative correlation between electromechanical QP and GAG content (chondroitin sulfate per wet weight); (C) No correlation between electromechanical QP and collagen per dry weight; (D) No correlation between electromechanical QP and number of cells per wet weight. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1926-1935DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.08.008) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 (A) Negative correlation between electromechanical QP and fibril modulus Ef; (B) Negative correlation between electromechanical QP and matrix modulus Em; (C) Positive correlation between electromechanical QP and permeability logk; (D) No correlation between the electromechanical QP and cartilage thickness obtained with a calibrated dissection microscope. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1926-1935DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.08.008) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 The electromechanical QP (logarithmic scale) correspondence with the 3 parameters showing the highest statistical correlations, i.e., Mankin score, Fibril Modulus Ef and GAG content per wet weight based on multiple regression analysis. The solid portions of the blue, red, and green lines correspond to the measured QP in this study, i.e., from 6 to 22. The electromechanical QP increases from 7 to ∼11 indicating slight cartilage degeneration corresponding to: (1) Mankin scores increasing from 0 to 2, (2) Fibril modulus Ef decreasing from >20 to ∼10 MPa and, (3) GAG content decreasing from 68 to ∼28 μg/mg. Further increase of QP from 11 to 15 corresponds to: (1) Mankin scores increasing from 2 to 5, (2) Fibril modulus Ef decreasing from 10 to ∼10−1 MPa and, (3) GAG content decreasing from 28 to ∼5 μg/mg. QP values above 15 correspond to yet more advanced cartilage degeneration on histological, biomechanical and biochemical scales. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 1926-1935DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2014.08.008) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions