BIOLOGY EOC REPORTING CATEGORY : 2

MECHANISMS OF GENETICS

DNA DOUBLE HELIX BASE PAIR RULE A = ____ C = ____ T G

DNA Structure and Function

DNA REPLICATION Occurs in the __ phase of the cell cycle Occurs in the ____ of the cell Ensures every cell has the ______ DNA S nucleus same

TRANSCRIPTION DNA to mRNA Occurs in the ________ of the cell DNA cannot leave the ______ RNA can fit through nuclear _______ mRNA goes to the ______ Which process is next? ______________ nucleus nucleus pores ribosomes translation

Serine UCU = AAA = Lysine DNA =AAT RNA= UUA

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS--TRANSLATION *mRNA codons match with the ________ on tRNA *Occurs at the _______ *Amino acids will bond with ______ to form a polypeptide or _______ anticodons ribosomes Peptide bonds proteins

Protein Gene Expression Proteins control the traits Genotype and Phenotype (remember your monster)

Meiosis Division of the body cells into reproductive cells or _______ From diploid cells to ____ cells Human Diploid # = ____ Human Haploid #= ____ ____ is when two gametes joined to make a zygote gametes haploid 46 23 Fertilization

GENETICS AND PREDICTIONS Scientists us probability to predict traits in offspring. A Punnett Square organizes information in order to make genetic predictions. B B b B b B b b B b B b

Punnett Squares Genotype (YY, Yy) Phenotype (green, yellow) Homozygous (YY, yy) Heterozygous (Yy) Dominant (Y) Recessive (y)

Punnett Squares are used to organize allele information (meiosis) and predict the outcome of the offspring. PUREBRED CROSS DI-HYBRID CROSS MONOHYBRID CROSS

Punnett Squares Incomplete Dominance codominance red and white flowers Black and white chickens

Linked Genes and Crossing Over Linked Genes are located in the same chromosomes and do not sort independently Chromosomes sometimes cross over during meiosis, resulting in recombination of alleles. Leads to Genetic Variation

HUMAN KARYOTYPE Notice chromosome 21 below has one extra chromosome caused by non-disjunction. This is known as trisomy. The disorder it causes is Down Syndrome. Can you tell what is the sex of this individual below?

Predictions and PEDIGREES

MUTATIONS

BIOTECHNOLOGY DNA ELECTROPHORESIS