Cardio vascular system Cardio= heart Vascular=related to blood vessels, is close pathway of blood circulation. 1) Artery 2) vein 3) capillary Lung

Major difference between artery and vein Artery carry the blood away from the heart. Higher pressure then vein. Artery has pulse. Artery is deeper structure in between the muscle. Artery carry the oxygenated blood. Has no valve Vein carry the blood from organs to heart. Lower pressure then artery. Vein has no pulse. Vein is superficial. Vein carry the deoxygenated blood. There is valve

Capillaries Single layer cell structure that connect the arteriole and venule. Diffusion of gas and nutrients exchange taken place in the capillaries

Anatomy and physiology of heart

Location of the heart Center of the chest Surrounding structures

Location, shape and size Heart is located under the rib cage between two lungs, from level of second rib to level of sixth rib Shape of heart is like cone. Size of the heart is very depend upon the age as well as condition of the heart, but normally healthy adult heart is in size of clenched adult fist.

Heart is bordered Anterior by sternum Posterior by esophagus and vertebral column Laterally by Lungs Inferiorly by diaphragm

External shape of heart

Cut section of heart

CHAMBER OF THE HEART

Chambers of the heart Heart is made up of four chamber Two atria and two ventricle Upper two chamber is called atria or atrium, right atrium and left atrium Lower to chamber is called ventricle, right and left ventricle.

SEPTUM INTRA ATRIAL SEPTUM ATRIOVENTRICULAR SEPTUM INTRA VENTRICULAR SEPTUM

Septum Each chamber is separated by the thin membranous layer called septum. Two atrium or atria is separated by intra atrial septum Two ventricle is separated by the intra ventricular septum Atria and ventricle is separated by the atrial ventricular septum.

Layers of the Heart There is a three layer surround of the heart Pericardium : Outermost layer of the heart. visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium contain the fat, which helps to cushion the heart Myocardium : Middle layer of the heart which is made up of cardiac muscle and which contain the cardiac vessel and cardiac nerve Endothelial : Innermost layer of the heart and which is made up of endothelium. Stretches as the heart pump

VALVES OF THE HEART

VALVES OF THE HEART

Heart valves Heart valves : which maintain the flow of the blood in one direction . Four valve in the heart. Valves is made up of cusps and through chordae tendinae it is attached to the papillary muscle. When ventricle contracts papillary muscle contact and chordae tendinae become taut and valves closes. Tricuspid : between right atria and right ventricle and prevents the blood flowing back in to the right atrium.

Pulmonary : Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery. Prevents the blood flowing back in to the right ventricle. Mitral : Between the left atrial and left ventricle. Prevent the blood flowing into left atrium. Aortic : Valve between the left ventricle and aorta Prevent the blood flowing back in to the left ventricle.

Blood supply of the heart

Blood supply of the heart heart is supplied by the coronary artery. Left side is supplied by the left coronary artery Right side is supplied by the right coronary artery Arteries are eventually ended into the capillary where gas exchange taken place. Coronary veins deliver the blood into the coronary sinus and coronary sinus empties blood into the right atrium.

Conduction system of heart

Conduction system of the heart Components of the conduction system SA node : located in wall of right atrium and generate the impulse. AV node : located between two atria, just above the ventricles, Bundle of his : located between the two ventricle and split into two branches, Purkinje fibers : located into the lateral walls of the ventricle.

Physiology of Heart

Function of CVS The most important function of the cardiovascular system is to supply the tissues of the body with oxygen and nutrients. Any disruption of this process can result in tissue dysfunction. Heart works as blood pump.

CIRCULATION OF BLOOD IN HEART

Circulation of the blood in heart Deoxygenated blood from body enters into the right atrium through superior vena cavae , inferior venae cavae Blood flows to the right ventricle via tricuspid valve. Right ventricle contract that will flow the blood into the left and right pulmonary artery, Blood flow Pulmonary artery to right and left lung.

Blood circulation in heart conti; Gas exchange is taken place into the pulmonary capillary, Oxygenated blood via four pulmonary vein comes into the left atria. Left atria contact and draws the blood into the left ventricle. Left ventricle to the aorta. The valve prevents the back flow of the blood. Through aorta blood circulates whole body and provide the nutrients to the organs and muscle tissue.

Cardiac cycle One heartbeat complete the one cardiac cycle. Two atria contract and relax together Two ventricle contact and relax together Other words one complete contraction and one complete relaxation of the heart.

Heart sound Heart sounds are produced when the valves in the heart snap shut. Mainly two heart sounds Lubb and dubb 1st heart sound Lubb is produced when ventricle contracts , Tricuspid and mitral valve close will generate the first heart sound. Loudest at the apex 2nd heart sound Dubb is second heart sound produced when atria contract and the pulmonary and aortic valve snap shut. Loudest at the base Any abnormality into the valve or heart produce the abnormal heart sound called murmur. Some murmur are the normal and some indicate the serious heart condition.

Blood vessels Blood vessels is closed pathways which carries the blood from heart to organs, muscle and body tissue and back again into the heart Vessels includes the artery, vein and capillary Capillary is the thinnest microscopic structure which join the artery and vein through arteriole and venule.

EKG Electro cardiogram: is a diagrammatic representation of electrical activity of the heart

EKG-USE Determine the rate Determine that the rhythm is regular or irregular Determine the PQRST intervals Determine the axis Determine whether atrial enlargement exists Determine whether ventricular hypertrophy exists Determine the presence or absence of infarction or ischemia

WAVES OF THE ECG

leads ECG standard leads There are three of these leads, I, II and III.    Lead I: is between the right arm and left arm electrodes, the left arm being positive.  Lead II: is between the right arm and left leg electrodes, the left leg being positive.  Lead III: is between the left arm and left leg electrodes, the left leg again being positive.

CHEST LEADS Chest Electrode Placement V1: Fourth intercostals space to the right of the sternum. V2: Fourth intercostals space to the Left of the sternum. V3: Directly between leads V2 and V4. V4: Fifth intercostals space at midclavicular line. V5: Level with V4 at left anterior axillary line. V6: Level with V5 at left midaxillary line. (Directly under the midpoint of the armpit)

WAVE INTERPRETATION P wave= atrial activity QRS complex= ventricular activity T wave= repolarization of the ventrical P-R Interval: represents the time it takes an impulse to travel from the atria through the AV node, bundle of His, and bundle branches to the Purkinje fibres. Duration: 0.12 to 0.20 seconds.

ECG Leads - Views of the Heart Chest Leads V1 & V2 = Right Ventricle V3 & V4 = Septum/Lateral Left Ventricle V5 & V6= Anterior /Lateral Left Ventricle

EKG INTERPRETATION ECG Interpretation The graph paper that the ECG records on is standardized to run at 25mm/second,

RATE = RHYTHM ARRIYTHMIA MIO CARDIAL INFACTION

NORMAL ECG PATTERN