Document Analysis “During the first half of the 19th century, economic differences between the regions also increased. By 1860 cotton was the chief crop of the South, and it represented 57 percent of all U.S. exports. The profitability of cotton, known as King Cotton, completed the South's dependence on the plantation system and its essential component, slavery.The North was by then firmly established as an industrial society. Labor was needed, but not slave labor. The North relied upon immigrants, women, and children that they could pay at very low wages.” —Source: "Civil War, American." Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000 “Five years ago Mr. and Mrs. Kirke Boott took up their residence at Lowell where there was then no building except one or two little hovels, but last night we went over very extensive cotton manufactories that have sprung up since that time, and on every side fresh ones are starting into life. This State is so very bad for agricultural purposes that they are driven to manufactures to gain a livelihood?” —Margaret Hall, writing about Lowell, Massachusetts October 13, 1827

Picture Analysis The South The North How was life different for workers between the North and the South?

Sectionalism Sectionalism is the loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole.

Differences Between The North and South “Industry and Immigration” South “Agriculture and Slavery” Factories: Mainly to produce textiles, sewing machines, farm equipment and guns Railroad Tracks: Approximately 20,000 miles across the North to the West in the 1850s. Carried wheat and iron ore to the east and manufactured goods to the west. Telegraph Wires: Strung along railroad tracks to expand communication. Immigrants: Fleeing from poverty in Europe Many become factory workers Commonly opposed slavery because it took labor from them. Protective Tariffs: In favor of protective tariffs to encourage the buying of American made goods. Agriculture: Rural society with small farms and plantations Cotton as the stable cash crop Rivers: Goods transported on steamships Population: Grew slowly because most of the work done through slavery. Few immigrants settled Ones who did settle opposed slavery and suggested universal voting rights and freedoms for African-Americans Opposed to tariffs because many Southern states bought their manufactured goods overseas.

Market Revolution Market Revolution: The antebellum era was a time not only of profound political change but also of great technological and economic innovation. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Europe in the 1700s, had produced new inventions and methods of production. American inventors transformed the U.S. economy with new innovations of their own. This rapid development of manufacturing and improved farming had such a profound effect on American society that historians often refer to it as the Market Revolution.

Market Revolution Events 1793 - Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin 1797 - Eli Whitney invents interchangeable parts for firearms 1807 - Robert Fulton invents the steamboat 1823 - Lowell Mills opens in Massachusetts 1825 - Erie Canal is completed 1828 - First U.S. railroad appears 1834 - Cyrus McCormick invents the mechanical mower-reaper 1835 - Samuel F. B. Morse invents the telegraph 1838 - John Deere invents the steel plow 1846 - Elias Howe invents the sewing machine 1858 - First transatlantic telegraph cable unites Europe and the Americas

Market Revolution North South   Which section of the country do you believe benefitted the most from the Market Revolution? Why?

Issues from Sectionalism 1. Representation - The north and south each wanted power to pass laws that would benefit their section of the country. This meant that the more states that became "free" or "slave" meant more votes, both in the House, Senate and Electoral College, for that section.

Issues from Sectionalism 2. Tariffs: tax on imports. The South resented all tariffs as they relied on British imports for more of their everyday goods. They also needed other nations to purchase cotton from their farms. The North supported tariffs to protect their growing industries by keeping products made in the North cheaper than goods made somewhere else. The south became increasingly angered. 1828 “The Tariff of Abominations" = After this tariff was announced, the south argued they had the right of nullification. (the power of a state to declare a federal law null and void)

Issues from Sectionalism 3. States’ Rights – The South feared that the North would continue to pass laws in Congress that would hurt their lifestyle, like restricting slavery or increasing tariffs. The South therefore believed that states should have more rights to govern than the federal government. The south again claimed they had the right of nullification. These issues together lead to the SECESSION of southern states. The southern states formed the Confederacy.

To what extent did Sectionalism cause the outbreak of the Civil War? Closing Question To what extent did Sectionalism cause the outbreak of the Civil War?