Bellringer: What are biogeochemical cyles p74 Learning Target: We are learning about cylces of matter Success Criteria: I can explain how matter moves among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem

Matter is RECYCLED within or between ecosystems 3.3 CYCLES OF MATTER Matter is RECYCLED within or between ecosystems Why is it Recycled? Biological systems do not use up matter they transform it.

I. Biogeochemical Cycles The paths (cycles) where Elements, compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another. Bio: Geo: Chemical: Did you ever wonder if the oxygen molecules that we breathe may have been inhaled by the dinosaurs? Life Earth (biosphere) -elements or compounds

Water Cycle WATER CYCLE: Water in streams/rivers/lakes/oceans (all bodies of water) is heated by the sun’s energy EVAPORATION: and it evaporates into water vapor (gas) and rises into the air TRANSPIRATION: other water vapor comes from trees/plants and also rises into the air CONDENSATION: as the water vapor rises into cooler air temperatures, the water will condense around microscopic dust particles and form water droplets. The water droplets will gather together in large groups of different forms and sizes to create clouds PRECIPITATION: when these water droplets in clouds get heavy, they fall as rain/snow/hail/sleet – they precipitate - precipitation! o The water that lands on the ground will either collect into RUNOFF (streams, rivers) and travel toward lakes / oceans…. OR the fallen water will seep into the ground to add to the ground water or soaked into the roots of plants o And the CYCLE continues back to EVAPORATION from bodies of water or TRANSPIRATION from plants……AND ON AND ON………

II. CARBON (C) Decomposing organisms put carbon in the ground – Carbon is the building block for the matter that makes up the bodies of living things. Decomposing organisms put carbon in the ground – Which over time turn into Fossil Fuels (coal, petroleum) Carbon is also found in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide gas. From Volcanoes, Respiration (Breathing), Burning Fossil Fuels

Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration D. How autotrophs and heterotrophs affect the Carbon cycle: Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration Most autotrophs Takes in CO2 Gives off O2 Process that makes food/carbohydrates from Carbon and water using energy from sun. Plants and animals Takes in O2 Gives off CO2 Process that changes food (made by autotrophs or consumed by heterotrophs) into energy.

Volcanic activity erosion uplift Fossil fuel photosynthesis feeding respiration erosion respiration decomposition Human activity uplift deposition photosynthesis feeding Fossil fuel deposition

Carbon Cycle and Global Warming - YouTube

Why is nitrogen necessary? III. NITROGEN (N) Chemical element that is found in ALL living things and makes up 78% of the atmosphere Why is nitrogen necessary? Makes up amino acids which are the building blocks of protein. Makes part of DNA. Heterotrophs get nitrogen from their food Autotrophs get nitrogen from soil/water.

C. Forms of Nitrogen Free Nitrogen = Nitrogen gas=N2 free nitrogen CANNOT be used by most organisms. Harmless to most organisms Fixed Nitrogen = Nitrogen containing compounds fixed nitrogen is USED by organisms Forms of fixed Nitrogen nitrites (NO3- ) nitrates (NO2-) ammonia (NH3)

D. Nitrogen Fixation The process of changing free nitrogen gas-N2, into usable forms of Nitrogen. Some organisms ‘Fix’ the N2 gas for us so that our cells can use it: Nitrogen fixating bacteria live on nodules found on roots of legumes. Examples of Legumes: beans, peas, alfalfa, peanuts, clover 2. Lightning also fixes nitrogen in the atmosphere.

E. Denitrification Process of changing fixed Nitrogen compounds into free nitrogen gas (N2) Denitrifying bacteria(decomposers) break down Nitrogen compounds in dead organic matter and put N2 into atmosphere. Lightning also fixes nitrogen in the atmosphere.

Nitrogen Cycle ,Nitrogen Fixation - Explanation in animation – YouTube

IV. Phosphorus (P) Cycle Phosphorus is in DNA and RNA Comes from rocks & fertilizers Not Common in Biosphere Does NOT enter Atmosphere

2. Moves through the FOOD CHAIN Back into ground once an organism decomposes

V. Limiting Nutrient When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly Farmers often add fertilizer containing 3 important nutrients; N, P and Potassium (K), because of possible limits in the availability of each in the soil.

C. Examples of Limiting Nutrients: Nitrogen is often the limiting nutrient in some ocean communities because it contains only 0.00005% of the N that is available on land. Phosphorus is often the limiting nutrient in some streams, lakes and freshwater.