What is Argumentation? The traditional form of discourse by convincing or persuading an audience or by proving or refuting a point of view or an issue. Argumentation uses induction, moving from observations to generalizations, deduction, moving from generalizations to valid inferences, or both.

This class is about rhetoric. What is it? It is the art of influence, friendship and eloquence. It is an essential skill in leadership. How can I get people to do and believe what I want them to?

It has a purpose. Support a cause Promote a change Refute a theory Stimulate a theory Win agreement Arouse sympathy Provoke anger

What is the goal? Most think it means, “Getting my way!!!” But that’s not really it. Good rhetoric means- I have Convinced you that “my way” Is now “your way” a consensus- not dominance A shared faith in a choice.

Is rhetoric honest? Of course it is; if you’re honest. But it is seduction, in a sense- manipulation, in another sense.

Effective rhetoric targets an identified audience. Who is the audience? What do they know? What do they believe? What do they expect? How will they disagree with me? What will they want me to address? How can I or should I use jargon? Should I use language that is informal, factual, Objective, - or familiar, anecdotal or personal? How can I be decorous?

Once I know the audience, I think, how can I appeal to them? There are three appeals that I must make.

Everyone thinks logos is the most important. And to some degree, for most intelligent people it is important. Making sense will often win Long term agreement. We use reasoning: Deductive and inductive.

What’s the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning? Deductive reasoning is based on premises (facts or agreed on ideas)- and then building conclusions Based on these facts. Inductive reasoning finds Examples and uses them to Build a conclusion.

Logos- How do I appeal to logos? Create a syllogism (deductive) Ex. All English teachers are brilliant. Mrs. Brawner is an English teacher. Mrs. Brawner is brilliant!! Cite traditional culture (ind) Cite commonly held beliefs (inductive)

More logos Allude to history, religious texts, great literature or mythology (inductive) Provide testimony (inductive) Draw analogies (inductive) Create Metaphors(inductive)

More Logos Order things chronologically (deductive) Provide evidence (deductive) Classify evidence (deductive) Cite authorities (deductive) Quote research (deductive) Use facts (deductive) Theorize about cause and Effect (deductive) Cite precedent (inductive)

Humans are not Vulcans-Logic does not trump emotions!

Pathos- Emotional Appeal Language that involves the senses Include bias or prejudice Include anecdote Include connotative language Explore euphemisms Use description Use figurative language Develop tone Experiment with informal language

Ethos- Appeal to character Show written voice in the argument Make the audience believe that the writer is trustworthy Demonstrate that the writer put in research time Support reasons with appropriate, logical evidence Demonstrate that the writer knows the audience and respects them Show concern about communicating with the audience Convince the reader that the writer is reliable and knowledgeable Convince the reader that it’s smart to believe And trust you!!!!!

Essence of Ethos The bottom line- you must convince your audience that you are trustworthy. Not only do you know your Stuff BUT you can be trusted To be looking out for the Best interest of your audience. He must believe you are in this together.

Tip of the day!! Rhetoricians often do these in this order: 1- Begin with an appeal to ethos 2- Appeal to logos 3- End with pathos But of course the three appeals will naturally be sprinkled throughout!

Humpty Dumpty Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall Humpty Dumpty had a great fall All the kings horses And all the kings men Sat around and argued about What to do with Humpty Dumpty.

Activity 1 Group 1 and 2- Make an appeal to local soldiers to put Humpty Dumpty back together again- Use Logos and Ethos and Pathos Group 3 and 4- Make an appeal to not put Humpty Dumpty back together again-Use Logos and Ethos and pathos After all appeals are made, we will vote as to what to do with Humpty Dumpty. Use all available resources- computers in back, Visual aids, etc. Most effective appeal will get five bonus points!!!