Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Human Body – An Orientation Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function Slide 1.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy – Levels of Study Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable Figure 1.1 Slide 1.2a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy – Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4 Slide 1.2b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1 Slide 1.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Figure 1.2a Slide 1.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Figure 1.2b Slide 1.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Figure 1.2c Slide 1.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d Slide 1.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Figure 1.2e Slide 1.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Figure 1.2f Slide 1.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g Slide 1.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h Slide 1.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i Slide 1.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes Figure 1.2j Slide 1.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Overview Reproductive Production of offspring Figure 1.2k Slide 1.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Necessary Life Functions Maintain Boundaries Movement Locomotion Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients Slide 1.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Necessary Life Functions Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body Production of energy Making body structures Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions Slide 1.16a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Necessary Life Functions Reproduction Production of future generation Growth Increasing of cell size and number Slide 1.16b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions Slide 1.17a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Survival Needs Water Stable body temperature 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate Slide 1.17b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease Slide 1.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center Slide 1.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Maintaining Homeostasis Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus Slide 1.19b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat Slide 1.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Feedback Mechanisms Positive Feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this occurs only in blood clotting and child birth

The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures Slide 1.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 Slide 1.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (cont) Slide 1.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Body Landmarks Anterior Figure 1.5a Slide 1.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Body Landmarks Posterior Figure 1.5b Slide 1.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Body Planes Figure 1.6 Slide 1.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Body Cavities Figure 1.7 Slide 1.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings