New Immigrants Chapter 15 Section 1 Standard: 6.4- Identify patterns of immigration and the causal factors that led to immigration to the U.S.A. Standard: 6.5- Distinguish the differences in assimilation of “old vs. “new” immigration. Learning Goal: I can distinguish the differences between “old” and “new” immigrants.

Morning Work August 11, 2016 1st Period Agenda Morning Work Write the questions Why did workers join revolutionary movements in the late 1800s? Why weren’t unions and workers successful in winning strikes in the 1800s? Morning Work Lecture: Ellis Island America the Story of Us Primary Source: Chinese Exclusion Act Gangs of New York Morning Work August 11, 2016

Morning Work August 11, 2016 3rd/4th Period Agenda Morning Work Write the questions Why did workers join revolutionary movements in late 1800s? Why weren’t unions and workers successful in winning strikes in 1800s? Morning Work Lecture: Ellis Island America the Story of Us Primary Source: Chinese Exclusion Act Gangs of New York Morning Work August 11, 2016

Changing the Patterns of Immigration Old Immigrants 10 million came between 1800-1900 Came from Northern/Western Europe Protestant Christians Cultures similar to original settlers Changing the Patterns of Immigration 10 million immigrants came between 1800 and 1900. Known as the old immigrants, they came from Northern and Western Europe. Most were Protestant Christians, and their cultures were similar to the original settlers. They came to have a voice in their government, to escape political turmoil, for religious freedom, or fleeing poverty and starvation. Most immigrants came for economic opportunity, attracted to the open farm land in the United States. Chinese immigrants had been lured by the gold rush and jobs building railroads.

Changing Patterns of Immigration New Immigrants 1880 to 1910 18 million people From Southern/Eastern Europe Roman Catholics/Jews Smaller #s came from East Asia. Changing Patterns of Immigration From 1880 to 1910, a new wave brought 18 million people to America. Most came from Southern and Eastern Europe. Many were Czech, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Russian, or Slovak. They were Roman Catholics, Orthodox Christians and Jews. Arabs, Armenians, and French Canadians came as well. Smaller numbers came from East Asia. Severe immigration laws reduced Chinese immigration, but 90,000 people of Chinese descent lived in the U.S. by 1900. Japanese immigrants arrived by way of Hawaii. The makeup of the American population had changed. By 1910 about 1 in 12 Americans were foreign-born.

Old and New Immigrants Old Immigrants New Immigrants Date: Place: Culture: Settled: Old and New Immigrants

Coming to America Desire for a better life Journey to America Involved entire family Wait on ship Pass inspection Prove had $ Most traveled cheaply Coming to America Most immigrants were seeking a new life, but they left their homelands for many reasons, including religious persecution, poverty, and little economic opportunity. If you were willing to work hard in America, prosperity was possible. Russian Jews fled in search of religious freedom. Entire villages of Jews were forced out of Russia and Eastern Europe by pogrom, organized attacks that were often encouraged by local authorities. Many immigrants left the Southern and Eastern Europe b/c of desperate poverty and little economic opportunity. The decision to come involved the entire family. Usually the father went first and sent for the rest of the family later. Travelers made their way to a port city by train, wagon, or foot to wait for a departing ship. Once on the docks, they might have to wait weeks for a departing ship. They had to pass an inspection to board, and prove they had some money ($30). And indicate they had not lived in prison, a poorhouse, or a mental institution. Medical examination: Examined for obvious diseases or defects. Then they vaccinated all immigrants, disinfected them and their baggage, and allowed the immigrants to board the ships. Most traveled cheaply, in steerage, and they still had to make it through the immigration station. ELLIS: Opening in 1892 as an immigration station, 112 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island. Immigrants had to pass inspection before they were allowed to enter. The inspection process usually took up to 5 hours. Immigrants were nervous fearful they would be sent back. Immigrants who did not pass the medical inspection were sent back. Sick passenger stayed at Ellis until they recovered.

Ellis Island Ellis Island 1892-1954 12 million passed through Ellis Island Had to pass inspection before they were allowed to enter. Ellis Island During its 62 years in operation, 355 babies were actually born on the island!

Great Hall The first test the immigrants had to pass became known as the "six second medical exam." As the immigrants climbed the stairs to the Great Hall, doctors stood at the top and watched. They were looking for anyone having difficulty coming up the steps. If a medical problem or disability was suspected, one of seventeen different chalk marks was put on the person's clothing. They were then sent for a full physical examination. If they weren't marked, they went on to wait in the Great Hall.

Medical Exam By 1917, complete medical exams were required for every immigrant. The main purpose of these exams was to find persons with contagious diseases or conditions that would make them unable to work. If their problem was curable, immigrants were sent to the island's hospital. If it was not, the steamship company that brought them would have to pay to send them back. Hundreds of times per day, doctors had only minutes to inspect the new arrivals for over 60 illnesses. Many in the medical profession considered Ellis Island a doctor's best training ground for physical diagnosis. Women joined their ranks in 1914, after complaints from female immigrants who were not used to showing themselves to male doctors.

The Great Hall The Great Hall was the large waiting room of Ellis Island. Immigrants waited here for their interviews with legal inspectors after finishing their medical exams. At best, the entire process through Ellis Island took three to five hours. But sometimes problems came up, like family members waiting for a relative to be treated in the hospital ward. Some families stayed for days on Ellis Island, others for weeks, and still others for months In 1918, it was used as an enormous hospital ward for American soldiers returning from the first World War.

Legal Inspection After passing the medical exams, immigrants had to prove they could legally come into America. They had to prove their country of origin and where they expected to live and work once they entered the country. Inspectors rejected any immigrant with a criminal record or those suspected of being indentured servants. By 1921, immigrants had to pass a literacy test and show a passport and visa.

The Passport

Coming to America Angel Island West Coast immigrants were processed in San Francisco at Angel Island. Coming to America West Coast immigrants were processed in San Francisco at Angel Island. Some immigrants passed through very quickly. But many Chinese immigrants were detained in prison-like conditions while awaiting a ruling. Poverty and discrimination awaited many newcomers. Many immigrants found themselves better off in the US then they had been. Still, they typically experienced hardships. Many new immigrants lived in poor housing in teeming slums near the factories where they found work. In the Northeast and Midwest, immigrants settled near others from their homeland. Cities became a patchwork of ethnic clusters. Residents established churches and synagogues to practice their religious faith. They formed benevolent societies, aid organizations to help new immigrants obtain jobs, health care, and education.

Coming to America Building Urban Communities Settled in crowded cities Found low paying jobs Lived in poor towns near factories Formed benevolent societies Coming to America Lived in poor housing in teeming slums near factories where they found work.

Nativists Respond Saw immigrants as threats to society Felt they brought crime/poverty Accepted jobs for lower wages, keeping wages low for everyone. Wanted to close the doors to immigration Nativists Respond The immigrants who settled in the US strengthened the economy. Immigrant labor kept the factories running and helped build cities. Some native-born Americans saw immigrants as threats to society. Nativists felt they brought crime and poverty and accepted jobs for lower wages, keeping wages low for everyone. They wanted to close America’s doors to immigration.

Limiting Chinese Immigration Chinese Exclusion Act: (1882) banned Chinese immigration for 10 years. No Chinese in the U.S. would be allowed citizenship Limiting Chinese Immigration

Deterring other Immigrants Japanese Gentlemen’s Agreement No unskilled workers from Japan, & in return Japanese children would attend school with other children. Other Immigrants Nativists opposed immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe Literacy Test Act was passed in 1917 Deterring other Immigrants Nativists also resented the Japanese. Japanese students in San Francisco were segregated from other children. The Japanese government was outraged. Theodore Roosevelt negotiated a Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan. No unskilled workers from Japan, and in return Japanese children could attend schools with other children. nativists opposed immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe. They claimed these folks were poor, illiterate, and non-Protestant and could not blend into American society. They called for a literacy test to see if test takers could read English. The Literacy Test Act was passed in 1917, over President Wilson’s veto.

Newcomers were taught American ways to help them assimilate. Learned English literacy skills/American history/government. Americanization Not all native-born Americans wanted to prevent immigrates from coming to the US. Americanization occurred in many places. Newcomers were taught American ways to help them assimilate. They learned English literacy skills and American history and government.

Exit Slip WRITE THE QUESTIONS! How many immigrants arrived in the U.S. between 1880 and 1910? What was Angel Island? What were benevolent societies? Who were the new immigrants? Where was Ellis Island located? What was the Chinese Exclusion Act? What was the Gentlemen’s Agreement? Exit Slip

Morning Work August 19, 2013 Write the questions When did the Old Immigrants come to America? How many immigrants came to America between 1880-1910? Morning Work Reading quiz #3 Homework: Chinese Exclusion Act Lecture: New Immigrants Gangs of New York Lecture: Politics in Gilded Age Morning Work August 19, 2013

I. Changing Patterns of Immigration a. b. II. Coming to America III I. Changing Patterns of Immigration a. b. II. Coming to America III. Nativists Respond Chapter 15-1 Outline

Morning Work January 17, 2013 Write questions Name the immigration station located in New York. Name the immigration station located in San Francisco. Morning Work Lecture: New Immigrants Chapter 15-1 Exit Slip Lecture: Politics in Gilded Age Political Machine activity Hot Seat Morning Work January 17, 2013 8/27