The Last West and the New South, 1865-1900 Period 6 (1865-1898) Ch.17 AP U.S. History

Settling the West: Cattle Frontier and Mining Frontier

Transcontinental Railroad Pacific Railway Acts First Transcontinental Railroad Central Pacific and Union Pacific Promontory Point (1869) Impact Communication Settlement and Expansion 35,000 miles (1865) 193,000 miles (1900) Commerce Innovations Standardized gauges Time zones

Homestead Act of 1862 Parameters Demographics 160-acre plots for minimum of 5 years File application, improve the land, file for deed Demographics Eastern families Exodusters Old Immigrants

Settling the West: Farming Frontier Western Society Mostly families settled in Frontier Promotion of gender equality Innovation Barbed wire Dry farming

Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis (1893) Frontier is “the meeting point between savagery and civilization.” "begins with the Indian and the hunter; it goes on with the disintegration of savagery by the entrance of the trader... the pastoral stage in ranch life; the exploitation of the soil by the raising of unrotated crops of corn and wheat in sparsely settled farm communities; the intensive culture of the denser farm settlement; and finally the manufacturing organization with the city and the factory system.” The frontier defined the American identity Promotes independence, individualism, equality, democracy U.S. Census of 1890 claims American frontier is closed

The Frontier and Natives Plains Natives Lifestyle Buffalo hunt White hunters decimated buffalo herds for fur, sport, pests Reservations Concentrations of tribes through separate treaties Tribal chiefs selected by white officials Oklahoma Land Rush (April 1889) Sooners and Boomers

Indian Wars 10th Calvary – “Buffalo Soldiers” Native American Leaders and Warriors Geronimo (Apache) Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull (Lakota) Chief Joseph (Nez Perce) Sand Creek Massacre (1864) Little Big Horn (1876) “Custer’s Last Stand” Wounded Knee (1890) 10th Calvary – “Buffalo Soldiers”

Americanization of Natives A Century of Dishonor (1881) Helen Hunt Jackson “It makes little difference...where one opens the record of the history of the Indians; every page and every year has its dark stain. The story of one tribe is the story of all, varied only by differences of time and place....” Dawes Severalty Act (1887) 160-acre plots of land from tribal territory Designed to encourage farming among natives Destroys tribal system and establishes family units Forced assimilation; cultural genocide Ghost Dance Movement

American Progress, John Gast, 1872

The “New South” Henry W. Grady Agriculture Industry and Urbanization "There was a South of slavery and secession - that South is dead. There is now a South of union and freedom- that South, thank God, is living, breathing, and growing every hour,” (1886) Agriculture Cotton, tobacco, rice Industry and Urbanization Dependent on Northern investment Increased network of standardized rail lines Coal mining Poverty due to late start in industrialization and poorly educated workforce

Sharecropping 50% white farmers and 75% black farmers Crop-lien system Tenant farming Exodusters

Progressive Social Reforms Blacks in America Supreme Court Civil Rights Cases of 1883 Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional Segregation may be practiced by private individuals and businesses Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Established “separate but equal” Jim Crow Laws Established by white Redeemer state governments Legitimized by Plessy v. Ferguson Segregated public facilities and accommodations Disenfranchisement Grandfather clauses Poll taxes Literacy tests

Progressive Social Reforms Black Americans - Booker T. Washington Advocated economic progress to secure civil rights; accommodating oppression; more gradual Tuskegee Institute (1881-1915) Vocational institution, primarily teaching Atlanta Compromise (1895) In the South, blacks would submit to white political rule in exchange for education and due process of law White House Dinner First black person ever invited to a White House dinner with Theodore Roosevelt White reaction and backlash "I am just as much opposed to Booker T. Washington as a voter as I am to the cocoanut-headed, chocolate-colored typical little coon who blacks my shoes every morning. Neither is fit to perform the supreme function of citizenship." – Mississippi Governor James K. Vardaman

Progressive Social Reform Black Americans - W.E.B. Du Bois Advocated social and political equality to secure economic progress; immediate equality, not gradual Niagara Movement (1905) Opposed disenfranchisement and segregation Dismissed accommodation and pursued more direct action and struggle National Association for the Advancement for Colored People (NAACP) (1909) A group of blacks and whites, males and females established an effective civil rights organization

Farmers vs Railroads Granger Movement National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (Grangers) (1867) Granger laws passed at local and state levels Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886) States could not regulate interstate commerce Nullified many grange laws states had previously passed Interstate Commerce Act (1886) Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)—investigates discriminatory practices Farmers’ Alliance Ocala Platform (1890) Free silver Low interest loan systems Decreased tariffs Government regulation of communication and transportation Graduated income tax Favored direct election of Senators Banking system regulated by fed