Compound Light Microscope 10x Compound Microscope 4x 10x 40x Compound Light Microscope

Dissecting Microscope

Types of Microscopes Compound Light Microscope Dissecting Microscope Observe living things Light under image Higher magnification For 3D images Light no top of image Low magnification

Leukocyte Erythrocyte Thrombocyte

1 2 3 Cell Theory All living things are made of cells. All cells come from preexisting cells. Cells are the smallest unit & structure of life 3

Not interchangeable Theory and Law A scientific theory is "a well-substantiated explanation of the natural world, based on facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment.“ Can’t before proven. Not interchangeable

Theory and Law Scientific Law: is a generalized statement set after a number of observations. It is an obvious fact recorded after observations and can be tested and proven.

The Cell Theory Complete NOTES The 3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory were now complete: 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. (Schleiden, Schwann & Van Leuwenhoek) 2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things. (Hooke) 3. All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells. (Virchow)

Cells are the smallest unit & structure of life Discovery of Cells 1665- English Scientist, Robert Hooke, discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of cork. Cells are the smallest unit & structure of life

All living things are made of cells. Anton van Leuwenhoek 1673- Used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum & discovered single-celled organisms He called them “animalcules” He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans Therefore, it was known that cells are found in animals as well as plants All living things are made of cells.

Development of Cell Theory 1838- German Botanist, Matthias Schleiden, concluded that all plant parts are made of cells 1839- German physiologist, Theodor Schwann, stated that all animal tissues are composed of cells. All living things are made of cells.

NO SUCH THING ABIOGENESIS Between the Hooke/Leuwenhoek discoveries and the mid 19th century, very little cell advancements were made. This is due to the traditional belief in Spontaneous Generation. Examples: -Maggots from rotting meat NO SUCH THING ABIOGENESIS francisco redi experiment

CELLS COME FROM OTHER CELLS 1858- Rudolf Virchow, German physician, concluded that cells must arise from preexisting cells. CELLS COME FROM OTHER CELLS

Which of these statements best summarizes the cell theory? A. Cells contain a nucleus and other parts. B. Cells come in different shapes and sizes. C. Cells can be seen through a microscope. D. Cells are the building blocks of living things.

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic Cells Cells without membrane-bound organelles and nucleus. EX: bacteria blue green algae

Eukaryotic Cells Cells with membrane-bound organelles and nucleus. EX: animals, plants, fungi and protists

1. Which type(s) of cells have genetic material that is contained in a nucleus? A. bacteria B. only animal cells C. only plants D. both plant and animal cells

2. Which of the following structures is found in both bacteria and animal cells? A. Cell Wall B. Plasma Membrane C. Nucleus D. Chloroplast

Structures of a Cell Protein Synthesis Transport “Power House” Regulates what enters and leaves Fluid containing organelles Digestion Control Center Cell Reproduction Packaging and Storage

CELL MEMBRANE Outer covering, protective layer around ALL cells Allows food, oxygen, & water into the cell & waste products out of the cell. Support and controls what enters and leaves.

CELL WALL protects the cell gives shape is made of cellulose A cell wall is found in plants, algae, fungi (chitin), & most bacteria.

CYTOPLASM Contains Organelles gelatin-like inside cell membrane

NUCLEUS Directs all cell activities Contains instructions for everything the cell does These instructions are found on a hereditary material called DNA Usually the largest organelle

NUCLEOLUS Aka “little nucleus” Found in the nucleus Produces - ribosomes

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE separates nucleus from cytoplasm controls movement of materials in & out of nucleus

Mitochondria “Power House” Energy in the form of ATP

Endoplasmic Reticulum Transport of materials # 3

Ribosomes Protein Synthesis

Sacks GOLGI BODIES Stacked flattened membranes Sort and package proteins. Sacks

LYSOSOMES Break down food molecules, cell wastes & worn out cell parts

NAME THE ORGANELLE a. Nucleus c. Golgi body b. Chloroplast d. Mitochondria

Chloroplast Photosynthesis * Contain Chlorophyll

VACUOLES Temporary storage spaces Store food, water, waste

Venn Diagrams Animal Cells Plant Cells *Cell Wall *Chloroplasts Section 7-2 Animal Cells Plant Cells *Cell Wall *Chloroplasts *Large Vacuole ** Centrioles Organelles

Nucleolus –Ribosomes-Proteins Review Cell Parts DNA Storage & Packaging ATP Nucleolus –Ribosomes-Proteins

The diagram below represents a cell of a green plant. Solar energy is used to produce energy-rich compounds in which structure? A. A B. B C. C D. D W.A.R

Bell Ringer # 1 Which of the following structures is only found in animal cells? A. Cell Wall B. Large Vacuole C. Centrioles D. Chloroplast

Homeostasis The tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions, to stabilize functioning, regardless of the outside changing conditions. Ex: Body Temperature, Fluids, Sugar Levels.

A lipid bilayer with protein molecules within it..

Lipid-soluble (non-polar) substances pass through the membrane. Fluid Mosaic Model Polar Non-Polar Lipid-soluble (non-polar) substances pass through the membrane.

Selectively Permeable Cell membrane is selectively permeable only certain things can pass through

Transport Mechanisms in cells A cell is a busy place; similar to a factory There must be methods for moving substances within as well as in and out of the cell.

Protein channels that provide passage for certain molecules. Low to High ATP

Types of Transport Passive (no ATP) Active (requires ATP)

Passive Transport *no energy required Passive Osmosis Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of materials that DOES NOT require energy (ATP) Passive Transport Movement of materials that DOES NOT require energy (ATP)

High Concentration Passive Transport Low Concentration

The movement of molecules across the cell membrane Diffusion The movement of molecules across the cell membrane

Diffusion - movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Concentration gradient, the difference in the number of molecules between two areas. Equilibrium

What Is Simple Diffusion?

Facilitated Diffusion Diffusion that is helped by proteins channels in the membrane

Facillitated Diffusion

Diffusion vs. Facillitated Diffusion

OSMOSIS The diffusion of water

Osmosis: Movement is always from most water to least water concentration. http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_osmosis_works.html

Salt Salt is a solute, when it is concentrated inside or outside the cell, it will draw the water in its direction. This is also why you get thirsty after eating something salty.

Osmosis

Osmosis Iso- Equal Hypo- Less Than Hyper- More Than

Which one is H2O moving out? Moving in?

Osmosis vs Diffusion In osmosis, what is moving? WATER In diffusion, what is moving? PARTICLES

Osmosis or Diffusion?

Osmosis or Diffusion

Active Transport Active Pumps Membrane Movements Endocytosis Exyocytosis

Active Transport Movement of materials from low concentration to high concentration using a protein carrier that requires energy (costs ATP)

High Concentration Active Transport Low Concentration

Active Transport: a means of crossing a membrane : requires energy because movement is against concentration gradient. ATP required

No Energy Energy LOW to HIGH https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKGN_Zhz8AY No Energy Energy LOW to HIGH

Endocytosis - cell takes in large particles by engulfing them

Exocytosis - cell gets rid of particles, opposite of endocytosis

Bilayer of Lipids and Proteins Figure 7-11 Cytoskeleton Section 7-2 Bilayer of Lipids and Proteins

1. The cell membrane of the red blood cell will allow water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide to pass through. Because other substances are blocked from entering, this membrane is called A. perforated B. semi-permeable C. non-conductive D. permeable

3. Cells need to bring in molecules to carry out cellular processes 3. Cells need to bring in molecules to carry out cellular processes. Often, this requires moving the molecules across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient. How do these molecules get into the cell?  A. passive transport by diffusion B. active transport using ATP  C. passive transport by osmosis D. phagocytosis

6. Which is an important function of the cell structure in this model? a. Controlling passage of materials b. Packaging cell products for export c. Transferring hereditary material to offspring d. Preventing a cell from bursting due to osmosis

7. Some peeled pieces of apple were placed in distilled water and some in very salty water. The cells in the apple pieces will — a. lose water in both solutions b. gain water in both solutions c. lose water in the distilled water and gain water in the salty water d. gain water in the distilled water and lose water in the salty water

a. phagocytosis b. pinocytosis c. diffusion d. cyclosis 8. The diagram below shows the same type of molecule in area A and area B. With the passage of time, some molecules move from area A to area B. This movement is the result of the process of. a. phagocytosis b. pinocytosis c. diffusion d. cyclosis

10. Which of these processes is demonstrated by the above experiment shown in the diagram? A. Cellular respiration B. Active transport C. Endocytosis D. Diffusion