Chall’s Reading Stages: Unlocking the Code Stage 0--Pseudo reading (Preschool) Stage 1--Decoding (Ages 6-7) Stage 2--Confirmation and Fluency (Ages 7-8) Stage 3--Reading for Learning the New (Ages 9-13) Stage 4--Multiple Viewpoints (Ages 14-18) Stage 5--Construction and Reconstruction (Ages 18 and Above)

Reading is making meaning out of print--independently. What is reading? Reading is making meaning out of print--independently.

Reading is Developmental Ages and grades given are for normal development We all go through the same stages just at different rates So instruction proceeds at different rates depending on the learner Instruction is similar regardless of the age of the student

Stage 0 Begins at or before birth Pseudo-reading Re-telling Using pictures Recalling Developing phonemic awareness Otherwise known as Emergent Reading

According to our definition of reading, why would Chall call this Stage 0?

Stage One: Initial Reading or Decoding Grades 1-2, Ages 6-7 Early Alphabetic (Ages 4-5) Later Alphabetic (Ages 5-6)

Stage One: Initial Reading or Decoding Grades 1-2, Ages 6-7 Learning sound-symbol correspondences Figuring out syllables, onset/rimes, multi-letter combinations Considered “glued to the print” until automaticity is gained, then they can leave the print

Early Alphabetic Characteristics (Ages 4-5) Becomes aware that letters correspond to speech sounds Sounds out beginning consonants and spells some sounds in words

Later Alphabetic Characteristics (Ages 5-6) •Decodes simple words by using phonics •Glued to print until fluency develops •Spells phonetically •Reads preprimer level

Stage Two: Confirmation, Fluency, Ungluing from Print: Grades 2-3, Ages 7-8 Confirming what is already known, not to learn new information Use decoding knowledge and redundancies to read Gain courage, skill in using context and gain fluency and speed More guessing and risk-taking Need to read many familiar books

Stage Three: Reading for Learning the New (Ages 9-13) Stages 1 & 2--concerned more with the relating of print to speech and, finally, the mastery of print Stage 3--concerned more with the relating of print to ideas and the mastering of ideas Reading can finally become a better means of learning new things compared to listening and watching

Stage Three: Reading for Learning the New (Ages 9-13) There was a time when subject areas were not introduced until 4th grade--mastery of reading and math came first

Stage Three: Reading for Learning the New (Ages 9-13) Stage 3A: Doesn’t usually require special knowledge to read informational materials; subject matter is introductory Stage 3B: Grow in ability to analyze what is read and to react critically to different viewpoints

Stage Three: Reading for Learning the New (Ages 9-13) Vocabulary growth through morphological study is important Text structure must be addressed Graphic organizers should be introduced Study skills should be taught Usually only one point of view can be conceived at a time

Stage Four: Multiple Viewpoints: (Ages 14-18) Dealing with more than one point of view Layers of facts and concepts Builds upon knowledge learned earlier Pattern recognition of different ideas and points of view

Stage Five: Construction and Reconstruction--A World View (Ages 18 and above) From reading and from what others say, reader constructs knowledge for him/herself Uses analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of what is read and known Previous knowledge makes rapid reading rate possible If texts and ideas are unfamiliar, a slower, study-type pace is needed

Implications: Stage 3 is necessary for the industrial workplace Stage 4 is an absolute for the informational age Many readers never get beyond Stage 3 and most reading instruction ends before students are adept at Stage 3 skills Most remediation is done in Stage 1 and Stage 2 as well as Stage 3A However, Stage 3A depends so heavily on adequate Stage 1 & 2 skills that decoding and fluency may be more important for older students whose comprehension seems low

Wait… what about ELL students? THE END (finally) Wait… what about ELL students?

For ELL students… Oral language must come first Then they can begin to learn about writing and reading in English.

Stages of Second Language Learning Phase I: Preproduction Silent stage Imitation of others’ actions - pretending that s/he understands. Phase II: Early Production Single word and phrase use phrases that are important for his/her survival in the classroom Example:" Stop it!" "I’m next!" "Me too!" "that’s mine!." Phase III: Speech emergence Initial understanding of grammatical rules Generalize past tenses…

Phase IV: Intermediate Good grasp of everyday English Acquire about 6000 words during this stage Stage lasts for up to a year Phase V: Advanced Language comparable to native speaker Often takes 5 or more years to reach this stage Created by Dr. Geri Mohler, adapted by C. Mody