Variables Qualitative (categorical, nominal, discrete)

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Variables Qualitative (categorical, nominal, discrete) Quantitative (Continuous/Discrete, Ordinal, Interval, ratio) Independent: Predictor, Manipulated/Non-manipulated Dependent: Outcome Extraneous: Confounding

Types of research Quantitative research Highly controlled Minimize bias Maximum reliability and validity Objective measurements Deductive and inductive reasoning Statistical analyses Qualitative research Less controlled Natural setting emphasized Flexible methods and interpretation Non-standardized methods

True experimental research Random assignment Active manipulation of independent variables Experimental and control groups Quasi-Experimental research Non-random assignment Non-experimental research Non-randomized No manipulation of variables Correlation, rather than causation. Ex post facto

Defining a problem Originating a question (what, where, why) Developing a rationale of its importance Determining the feasibility of answering it. (Merton, 1959)

Originating a question Personal/clinical interests/opinions/experiences Literature Announced research initiatives

Rationale for a question Will the answer to the question Confirm, refute, or extend previous research findings Be generalizable Provide new information Help advance the development of theory and new research

Feasibility of answering the question Question must be testable Methodological constraints Cost and time limitations Pilot studies

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