Connecting Ideas-Cohesion Cohesion words connect different parts of discourse (a group of sentences together)-cohesion makes it easier for students to understand vocabulary because the context is clearer Types of cohesion include: Pronouns-he, she, it, etc. Demonstratives-this, that, these, those Conjunctions-and, because, so, but, etc.

Register Register refers to the level of formality involved when language users make lexical choices-choices will depend upon: Purpose of message (ex. selling versus telling friend about discount), relationship between message sender / receiver (boss to employee versus friend to friend), and channel of communication (phone call versus written report)

Hyponymy Hyponymy organizes words by related word meanings-this helps L2 learners store and retrieve language Related word meanings are organized into superordinate and subordinate categories Ex. superordinate-subordinate -subordinate Vehicle -van (superordinate) -truck -car -hatchback -station wagon -sports car-hard top -convertible

Compounds Compounds based on: verb + preposition (ex. takeover) noun + noun (ex. notebook) noun + adjective (ex. suntanned) Can you match these compounds (all involve living things) with their correct meanings? paper tiger A a safe street crossing dark horse B embarrassing family member zebra crossing C powerful looking-not in reality red herring D person with hidden qualities black sheep E distraction from topic

New Words / Expressions New words / expressions are created almost daily-context may give the meaning of these ex. guerilla marketing What do the following underlined words mean: This area attracts ecotourists, who come watch the wildlife. They’re a blended family. He has two children from a previous marriage, and she has one child from her first marriage. It is bad netiquette to use all capital letters on the internet because it looks as if you’re shouting. You don’t have to pay for this computer program. It’s freeware. She has cyberphobia. She refuses to go near a computer.

Agentive Endings or / er-Bound derivational morphemes-these suffixes must be joined to other morphemes-usually changes class of word-attach these morphemes to a verb and the word class changes to a noun i.e. one who ‘verbs’. Ex. sing-singer ist-Bound derivational morpheme-must also be joined to other morphemes-attach these morphemes to a noun or adjective to indicate someone who is connected to an idea or thing Ex. machine-machinist

Where do the following words come from? Borrowed Words Where do the following words come from? guitar 2. garage guru 4. intelligenstia coffee 6. haiku anonymous 8. taboo Explain the origin and meaning of the following: herculean effort cesarean section atlas

Remembering Idioms Grouping idioms together can be a useful way to remember them-they can be grouped by: grammar, meaning, and verb. Grammar: pull a fast one / verb+object Meaning: He takes the cake. / describing characteristics Verb: Don’t make a mountain out of a molehill. Which groups do the following idioms belong in? Also, explain their meaning. poke your nose in You’re a pain in the neck. Since losing my job, I can barely make ends meet.

Homonymy Homonyms are words that have the same forms, but different meanings-some of which are central, that is, a meaning that language users relate to immediately upon encountering a word-which of the following are central: Did you hurt your head? She’s head of the committee. The head of this hammer is loose. The hands of the clock approached midnight. His hand was good enough to win the poker game. What beautiful hands you have. I need a hand; can you lift this?