Vectors, Lists and Sequences Chapter 6: Vectors, Lists and Sequences Nancy Amato Parasol Lab, Dept. CSE, Texas A&M University Acknowledgement: These slides are adapted from slides provided with Data Structures and Algorithms in C++, Goodrich, Tamassia and Mount (Wiley 2004. 2011) 1 1

Vectors: Outline and Reading The Vector ADT (§6.1.1) Array-based implementation (§6.1.2) 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

The Vector ADT The Vector ADT extends the notion of array by storing a sequence of arbitrary objects An element can be accessed, inserted or removed by specifying its rank (number of elements preceding it) An exception is thrown if an incorrect rank is specified (e.g., a negative rank) Main vector operations: elemAtRank(int r): returns the element at rank r without removing it replaceAtRank(int r, Object o): replace the element at rank r with o insertAtRank(int r, Object o): insert a new element o to have rank r removeAtRank(int r): removes the element at rank r Additional operations size() and isEmpty() 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Applications of Vectors Direct applications Sorted collection of objects (elementary database) Indirect applications Auxiliary data structure for algorithms Component of other data structures 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Array-based Vector Use an array V of size N A variable n keeps track of the size of the vector (number of elements stored) Operation elemAtRank(r) is implemented in O(1) time by returning V[r] N-1 V 1 2 r n 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Array based Vector: Insertion In operation insertAtRank(r,o) we need to make room for the new element by shifting forward the n - r elements V[r], …, V[n - 1] In the worst case (r = 0), this takes O(n) time V 1 2 r n V 1 2 r n V o 1 2 r n 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Deletion In operation removeAtRank(r) we need to fill the hole left by the removed element by shifting backward the n - r - 1 elements V[r + 1], …, V[n - 1] In the worst case (r = 0), this takes O(n) time V 1 2 n o r V 1 2 n r V 1 2 n r 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Performance In the array based implementation of a Vector The space used by the data structure is O(n) Size(), isEmpty(), elemAtRank(r) and replaceAtRank(r,o) run in O(1) time insertAtRank(r,o) and removeAtRank(r) run in O(n) time If we use the array in a circular fashion, insertAtRank(0,o) and removeAtRank(0) run in O(1) time In an insertAtRank(r,o) operation, when the array is full, instead of throwing an exception, we can replace the array with a larger one 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Exercise: Implement the Deque ADT using Vector functions Deque functions: first(), last(), insertFirst(e), insertLast(e), removeFirst(), removeLast(), size(), isEmpty() Vector functions: elemAtRank( r), replaceAtRank(r,e), insertAtRank(r,e), removeAtRank(r ), size(), isEmpty() 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Exercise Solution: Implement the Deque ADT using Vector functions Deque functions: first(), last(), insertFirst(e), insertLast(e), removeFirst(), removeLast(), size(), isEmpty() Vector functions: elemAtRank( r), replaceAtRank(r,e), insertAtRank(r,e), removeAtRank(r ), size(), isEmpty() Deque function : Realization using Vector Functions size() and isEmpty() fcns can simply call Vector fcns directly first() => elemAtRank(0) last() => elemAtRank(size()-1) insertFirst(e) => insertAtRank(0,e) insertLast(e) => insertAtRank(size(), e) removeFirst() => removeAtRank(0) removeLast() => removeAtRank(size()-1) 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

STL vector class Functions in the STL vector class (incomplete) Size(), capacity() - return #elts in vector, #elts vector can hold empty() - boolean Operator[r] - returns reference to elt at rank r (no index check) At( r) - returns reference to elt at rank r (index checked) Front(), back() - return references to first/last elts push_back(e) - insert e at end of vector pop_back() - remove last elt vector(n) - creates a vector of size n Similarities & Differences with book’s Vector ADT STL assignment v[r]=e is equivalent to v.replaceAtRank(r,e) No direct STL counerparts of insertAtRank( r) & removeAtRank( r) STL also provides more generatl fcns for inserting & removing from arbitrary positions in the vector - these use iterators 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Iterators An iterator abstracts the process of scanning through a collection of elements Methods of the ObjectIterator ADT: boolean hasNext() object next() reset() Extends the concept of position by adding a traversal capability May be implemented with an array or singly linked list An iterator is typically associated with an another data structure We can augment the Stack, Queue, Vector, and other container ADTs with method: ObjectIterator elements() Two notions of iterator: snapshot: freezes the contents of the data structure at a given time dynamic: follows changes to the data structure 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Iterators Some functions supported by STL containers Begin(), end() - return iterators to beginning or end of container Insert(I,e) - insert e just before the position indicated by iterator I (analogous to our insertBefore(p)) Erase(I) - removes the elt at the position indicated by I (analogous to our remove(p)) The functions can be used to insert/remove elts from arbitrary positions in the STL vector and list 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Vector Summary Vector Operation Complexity for Different Implementations Array Fixed-Size or Expandable List Singly or Doubly Linked RemoveAtRank(r), InsertAtRank(r,o) O(1) Best Case (r=0,n) O(n) Worst Case O(n) Average Case ? elemAtRank(r), ReplaceAtRank(r,o) O(1) Size(), isEmpty() 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Lists and Sequences Vectors 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Outline and Reading Singly linked list Position ADT (§6.2.1) List ADT (§6.2.2) Doubly linked list (§ 6.2.3) Sequence ADT (§6.3.1) Implementations of the sequence ADT (§6.3.2- 3) Iterators (§6.2.5) 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Position ADT The Position ADT models the notion of place within a data structure where a single object is stored A special null position refers to no object. Positions provide a unified view of diverse ways of storing data, such as a cell of an array a node of a linked list Member functions: Object& element(): returns the element stored at this position bool isNull(): returns true if this is a null position 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

List ADT (§5.2.2) The List ADT models a sequence of positions storing arbitrary objects establishes a before/after relation between positions It allows for insertion and removal in the “middle” Query methods: isFirst(p), isLast(p) Generic methods: size(), isEmpty() Accessor methods: first(), last() before(p), after(p) Update methods: replaceElement(p, o), swapElements(p, q) insertBefore(p, o), insertAfter(p, o), insertFirst(o), insertLast(o) remove(p)

List ADT Query methods: Accessor methods isFirst(p), isLast(p) : return boolean indicating if the given position is the first or last, resp. Accessor methods first(), last(): return the position of the first or last, resp., element of S an error occurs if S is empty before(p), after(p): return the position of the element of S preceding or following, resp, the one at position p an error occurs if S is empty, or p is the first or last, resp., position 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

List ADT Update Methods Vectors replaceElement(p, o) Replace the element at position p with e swapElements(p, q) Swap the elements stored at positions p & q insertBefore(p, o), insertAfter(p, o), Insert a new element o into S before or after, resp., position p Output: position of the newly inserted element insertFirst(o), insertLast(o) Insert a new element o into S as the first or last, resp., element remove(p) Remove the element at position p from S 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Exercise: Describe how to implement the following list ADT operations using a singly-linked list list ADT operations: first(), last(), before(p), after(p) For each operation, explain how it is implemented and provide the running time next elem node A singly linked list concrete data structure consists of a sequence of nodes Each node stores element link to the next node A B C D  2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Exercise: Describe how to implement the following list ADT operations using a doubly-linked list list ADT operations: first(), last(), before(p), after(p) For each operation, explain how it is implemented and provide the running time prev next elem node Doubly-Linked List Nodes implement Position and store: element link to previous node link to next node Special trailer and header nodes trailer header elements 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Insertion We visualize operation insertAfter(p, X) which returns position q p A B C p q A B C X p q A B X C 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Deletion We visualize remove(p), where p = last() A B C D p A B C p D 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Performance In the implementation of the List ADT by means of a doubly linked list The space used by a list with n elements is O(n) The space used by each position of the list is O(1) All the operations of the List ADT run in O(1) time Operation element() of the Position ADT runs in O(1) time 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

STL list class Functions in the STL list class Size() - return #elts in list, empty() - boolean Front(), back() - return references to first/last elts Push_front(e), push_back(e) - insert e at front/end Pop_front(), pop_back() - remove first/last elt List() - creates an empty list Similarities & Differences with book’s List ADT STL front() & back() correspond to first() & last() except the STL functions return the element & not its position STL push() & pop() are equiv to List ADT insert and remove when applied to the beginning & end of the list STL also provides fcns for inserting & removing from arbitrary positions in the list - these use iterators 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

List Summary List Operation Complexity for different implementations List Singly-Linked List Doubly- Linked first(), last(), after(p) insertAfter(p,o), replaceElement(p,o), swapElements(p,q) O(1) before(p), insertBefore(p,o), remove(p) O(n) WC & AC O(1) BC Size(), isEmpty() 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Sequence ADT List-based methods: Bridge methods: The Sequence ADT is the union of the Vector and List ADTs Elements accessed by Rank, or Position Generic methods: size(), isEmpty() Vector-based methods: elemAtRank(r), replaceAtRank(r, o), insertAtRank(r, o), removeAtRank(r) List-based methods: first(), last(), before(p), after(p), replaceElement(p, o), swapElements(p, q), insertBefore(p, o), insertAfter(p, o), insertFirst(o), insertLast(o), remove(p) Bridge methods: atRank(r), rankOf(p) 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Applications of Sequences The Sequence ADT is a basic, general- purpose, data structure for storing an ordered collection of elements Direct applications: Generic replacement for stack, queue, vector, or list small database (e.g., address book) Indirect applications: Building block of more complex data structures 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Array-based Implementation elements We use a circular array storing positions A position object stores: Element Rank Indices f and l keep track of first and last positions 1 2 3 positions S f l 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors

Sequence Implementations Operation Array List size, isEmpty 1 atRank, rankOf, elemAtRank n first, last, before, after replaceElement, swapElements replaceAtRank insertAtRank, removeAtRank insertFirst, insertLast insertAfter, insertBefore remove 2/24/2019 6:40 AM Vectors