THE GROWTH OF A YOUNG NATION AMERICA EXPANDS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

Review….. George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson Set Precedent Only would veto if law was unconstitutional Established a cabinet of advisors Jays Treaty Whiskey Rebellion Pinckney’s Treaty Farewell speech and warning to others to stay NEUTRAL -FEDERALIST PARTY -XYZ Affair -Alien and Sedition Acts -Midnight Appointments -New political party takes office -DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS Tie with Aaron Burr 12th amendment allows President to pick VP Marbury V. Madison Louisiana Purchase (Lewis and Clark) -NW expansion of the United States

MADISON ELECTED PRESIDENT After two terms, Jefferson is succeeded by James Madison Madison was two-term President 1808-1816 Madison also is known for his leadership during the War of 1812 President who declared war on Britain 4th President 1808-1816

British Impressment of U.S. seamen upset Americans WAR OF 1812 – U.S. vs. BRITAIN Causes: British “impressment” (seizing Americans at sea and drafting them into their navy) upset Americans The War: 1814 – British sack D.C. Burn White house and the Capitol building Andrew Jackson (general) leads great victory in New Orleans Treaty of Ghent signed, Christmas Eve, 1814 British Impressment of U.S. seamen upset Americans

RESULTS OF WAR OF 1812 Results of the war included: Encouraged industries in U.S. States became self-sufficient Confirmed status of U.S. as a strong, free, and independent nation Despite the burning of the President’s mansion, the U.S. emerged strong

Another Revolution.. During the 19th century factories became new centers of industry Changes in machinery and mass production were brought about during the Industrial Revolution. The EMBARGO ACT OF 1807 and the WAR of 1812 turned the source of income from international trade to domestic industries

New England Push to invest in industry 1st successful textile mill Lowell, Massachusetts became a booming manufacturing center. Thousands moved for work ** mostly young women whose families farm was in decline

Two Economic Systems Develop Agriculture in the North- -Farms were small and slaves were not required -Raise one or two crops/livestock and sell the rest. -By 1804 almost all northern states had abolished slavery (political and religious opposition) King Cotton in the South -Short staple cotton was easier to grow and now with the cotton gin it was easy to clean!! -Demand for cotton GREW -Needed more land and even more slaves

REGIONAL ECONOMIES CREATE DIFFERENCES The Northeast continued to develop industry while the South and West continued to be more agricultural The Industrial Revolution reached America by the early-mid 19th century New England first to embrace factory system Especially in textile (fabric) mills

SOUTH REMAINS AGRICULTURAL Meanwhile, the South continued to grow as an agricultural power Eli Whitney’s invention of the Cotton Gin (1793) made producing cotton even more profitable The South became a “Cotton Kingdom” More labor was needed – 1790 = 700,000 slaves 1820 = 1,500,000 slaves Cotton Gin quickly separated cotton fiber from seeds

BALANCING NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM Economic differences created political tension between North & South As the regions moved apart, politicians attempted to keep nation together 1815—President Madison presented a plan to unite the different regions of the country and to create a strong, stable economy that would make the nation self sufficient

House Speaker Henry Clay’s American Plan called for a protective tariff of 1816, a resurrection of the National Bank, and improved transportation systems to help travel

Transportation In order for people to do business with one another they needed to travel and communicate First railroad was built 1825 National Road(freeway) was started in 1811 Erie Canal stretched 363 miles -linked Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes

A new president and an era of “good feelings” People were pleased with the way the country was developing 1816 James Monroe from VA was elected President Welcomed by all Antebellum America- “before the war”

Nationalism takes shape in America McCulloch V. Maryland- Maryland had levied a large tax on the local bank of the U.S. If the bank failed, states would be in fact overturning laws passed by the Constitution “The power to tax is the power to destroy” Chief Justice Marshall declared the bank constitutional

NATIONALISM SHAPES POLICY Nationalism- belief that national interests should be placed ahead of regional concerns or the interests of other countries. Treaty with Britain to jointly occupy the Oregon Territory Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) secured Florida & southern- most areas of SE America

THE MONROE DOCTRINE In the early 19th Century, various European countries hinted at increased colonization In his 1823 address to Congress, Monroe made it clear to Europe: Don’t interfere with Western Hemisphere (Monroe Doctrine) Promise to stay out of European affairs if Europe's did not attempt to create new colonies

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE In 1818 settlers in Missouri applied for statehood Northerners and Southerners disagreed on whether Missouri should be admitted as a “free” state Henry Clay organized a compromise in which Missouri was “slave” but Maine would be “free” Also Louisiana Territory split at 36 30’ north latitude HENRY CLAY: THE GREAT COMPROMISER