Volume 26, Issue 3, Pages 410-417 (February 2016) Constrained Total Energy Expenditure and Metabolic Adaptation to Physical Activity in Adult Humans  Herman Pontzer, Ramon Durazo-Arvizu, Lara R. Dugas, Jacob Plange-Rhule, Pascal Bovet, Terrence E. Forrester, Estelle V. Lambert, Richard S. Cooper, Dale A. Schoeller, Amy Luke  Current Biology  Volume 26, Issue 3, Pages 410-417 (February 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.046 Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Schematic of Additive Total Energy Expenditure and Constrained Total Energy Expenditure Models In Additive total energy expenditure models, total energy expenditure is a simple linear function of physical activity, and variation in physical activity energy expenditure (PA) determines variation in total energy expenditure. In Constrained total energy expenditure models, the body adapts to increased physical activity by reducing energy spent on other physiological activity, maintaining total energy expenditure within a narrow range. Current Biology 2016 26, 410-417DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.046) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 The Relationship between Total Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity in the METS Sample (A) Total energy expenditureADJ (kcal/d) and physical activity (CPM/d) in the METS sample. Boxplots indicate medians and quartiles of total energy expenditureADJ for each decile of CPM/d and are centered on the median CPM/d value for each decile. Lowess (yellow) and ordinary least-squares (gray) regression lines are shown. The change point (230 CPM/d) for the change-point regression, indicated by the vertical blue line, marks the activity level at which the slope of the total energy expenditureADJ:CPM/d regression becomes indistinguishable from zero. Total energy expenditureADJ values for three subjects exceed 3500 and are not shown; see Figure S1C. See also Table S2 and Figures S1 and S3. (B) The effect of CPM/d on total energy expenditureADJ for subjects above increasing CPM/d thresholds. Black dots show the β value for CPM/d for subjects above a given CPM/d threshold; blue bars represent ±SE. Analyses include manual labor. Degrees of freedom (df) are given for major CPM/d thresholds. Current Biology 2016 26, 410-417DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.046) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 The Effect of Physical Activity on Total Energy Expenditure and Its Components (A) Total energy expenditureADJ, resting metabolic rateADJ, and activity energy expenditureADJ (kcal/d) versus physical activity (CPM/d) for the subset of subjects (n = 204) with measured resting metabolic rate. Ordinary least-squares regressions are shown. Resting metabolic rateADJ is not correlated with physical activity, nor are total energy expenditureADJ or activity energy expenditureADJ among subjects with physical activity above 230 CPM/d. (B) Components of total energy expenditure (dotted line) modeled as a function of physical activity, using relationships shown in (A). Resting metabolic rate is constant (1540 kcal/d). Below the change point of 230 CPM/d, total energy expenditure = 1.12 CPM/d + 2336; above 230 CPM/d, total energy expenditure is constant (2600 kcal/d). The thermic effect of food (TEF) is calculated as 10% total energy expenditure. Activity energy expenditure (red), calculated as (0.9 × total energy expenditure − resting metabolic rate), is divided into two components. Activity energy expenditure1 (AEE1, solid red) increases with physical activity in a dose-dependent manner as 1.13CPM/d, the slope of the adjusted energy expenditure versus physical activity regression for subjects below 230 CPM/d in (A). Activity energy expenditure2 (AEE2, hatched red) is the remainder of activity energy expenditure, calculated as activity energy expenditure2 = activity energy expenditure − activity energy expenditure1. See also Figures S1 and S3. Current Biology 2016 26, 410-417DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.046) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions