Volume 57, Issue 3, Pages 1027-1040 (March 2000) Suppressive effects of fish oil on mesangial cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo  Joseph P. Grande, Henry J. Walker, Bruce J. Holub, Gina M. Warner, Dawn M. Keller, James D. Haugen, James V. Donadio, Thomas P. Dousa  Kidney International  Volume 57, Issue 3, Pages 1027-1040 (March 2000) DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Fatty acid compositions of plasma phospholipid from rats treated for five days with olive oil () or fish oil (▪). Data are expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids for saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, total ω6 fatty acids, total ω3 fatty acids, AA, EPA, and DHA. Data represent the mean and standard error of six animals per group and are from Table 1. Kidney International 2000 57, 1027-1040DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x) Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Fatty acid compositions of plasma phospholipid from rats treated for five days with olive oil () or fish oil (▪). Data are expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids for saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, total ω6 fatty acids, total ω3 fatty acids, AA, EPA, and DHA. Data represent the mean and standard error of six animals per group and are from Table 1. Kidney International 2000 57, 1027-1040DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x) Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Fatty acid compositions of renal tissue phospholipid obtained from olive oil-treated () and fish oil-treated (▪) rats. Data are expressed as a percentage of total fatty acid composition for saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, total ω6 fatty acids, total ω3 fatty acids, AA, EPA, and DHA. Data represent the mean and standard error of six animals per group and are from Table 2. Kidney International 2000 57, 1027-1040DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x) Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Fatty acid compositions of renal tissue phospholipid obtained from olive oil-treated () and fish oil-treated (▪) rats. Data are expressed as a percentage of total fatty acid composition for saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, total ω6 fatty acids, total ω3 fatty acids, AA, EPA, and DHA. Data represent the mean and standard error of six animals per group and are from Table 2. Kidney International 2000 57, 1027-1040DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x) Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Dietary fish oil supplementation reduces proteinuria in ATS glomerulonephritis. Urine protein excretion was assessed prior to ATS administration (day -1; ) and at day 3 after ATS administration (▪). Control animals did not receive ATS. Data represent the mean and standard error of three independent experiments with N = 4 to 6 animals per group in each experiment. Kidney International 2000 57, 1027-1040DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x) Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Dietary fish oil supplementation reduces proteinuria in ATS glomerulonephritis. Urine protein excretion was assessed prior to ATS administration (day -1; ) and at day 3 after ATS administration (▪). Control animals did not receive ATS. Data represent the mean and standard error of three independent experiments with N = 4 to 6 animals per group in each experiment. Kidney International 2000 57, 1027-1040DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x) Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Representative histopathologic alterations in ATS rats treated with fish oil or sesame oil. (A) Glomerulus with minimal mesangial cell or matrix expansion (histopathologic score of 0 from a rat treated with fish oil; PAS stain, original magnification ×200). (B) Glomerulus with moderate mesangial cell and matrix expansion (histopathologic score of 2 from a rat treated with fish oil; PAS stain, original magnification ×200). (C) Glomerulus with diffuse endocapillary proliferation, leading to severe compromise of capillary loop lumens (histopathologic score of 4 from a rat treated with sesame oil; PAS stain, original magnification ×200). Kidney International 2000 57, 1027-1040DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x) Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Dietary fish oil supplementation decreases the semiquantitative index of glomerular injury in ATS nephritis. Fifty glomeruli were evaluated in PAS-stained sections obtained from ATS rats treated with fish oil or sesame oil (controls). Data represent mean ± SE from one representative experiment and equals six in each group. Kidney International 2000 57, 1027-1040DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x) Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Dietary fish oil supplementation decreases α-smooth muscle actin expression in ATS nephritis. Sections of renal cortex isolated from rats treated with fish oil or sesame oil (controls) prior to ATS induction were immunostained for α-smooth muscle actin, as described in the Methods section. Semiquantitative assessment of glomerular α-smooth muscle actin staining was performed on 50 glomeruli, as described in the Methods section. Data represent the mean score ± SE for six animals in each group. Data are representative of three independent experiments. Kidney International 2000 57, 1027-1040DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x) Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 Fish oil decreases PCNA expression by glomerular cells. Immunohistochemical staining of tissue sections obtained from rats treated with fish oil or sesame oil (controls) prior to ATS induction stained for PCNA, a marker of proliferating cells. The total number of PCNA positive cells was counted in 50 glomeruli. Data represent the mean number of positive cells per glomerulus ± SE (N = 6 for each group). Kidney International 2000 57, 1027-1040DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x) Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 8 Fatty acid enrichments of mesangial cell phospholipid following in vitro additions of AA (), EPA (▪), or DHA (). Results are expressed as a weight percentage of total fatty acid composition of phospholipid. Kidney International 2000 57, 1027-1040DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x) Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 8 Fatty acid enrichments of mesangial cell phospholipid following in vitro additions of AA (), EPA (▪), or DHA (). Results are expressed as a weight percentage of total fatty acid composition of phospholipid. Kidney International 2000 57, 1027-1040DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x) Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 8 Fatty acid enrichments of mesangial cell phospholipid following in vitro additions of AA (), EPA (▪), or DHA (). Results are expressed as a weight percentage of total fatty acid composition of phospholipid. Kidney International 2000 57, 1027-1040DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x) Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 9 DHA inhibits [3H]-thymidine uptake by cultured rat mesangial cells. Cultured rat mesangial cells were treated with EPA or DHA prior to the assessment of [3H]-thymidine incorporation, as described in the Methods section. Data represent the mean thymidine incorporation per well and are representative of six independent experiments. Kidney International 2000 57, 1027-1040DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x) Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 10 DHA inhibits growth of cultured rat mesangial cells. Cell counts were obtained from cultured rat mesangial cells treated with EPA, DHA, or the vehicle used to solubilize the fatty acids (control). Data represent total cell number per well and are representative of six independent experiments. Kidney International 2000 57, 1027-1040DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x) Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 11 DHA inhibits thymidine uptake by cultured rat mesangial cells. Cultured rat mesangial cells were treated with DHA, oleic acid, or linoleic acid prior to assessment of [3H]-thymidine incorporation, as described in the Methods section. Data represent mean thymidine incorporation per well (N = 3 to 4) and are representative of three independent experiments. Kidney International 2000 57, 1027-1040DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x) Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 12 DHA inhibits platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-mediated proliferation of cultured rat mesangial cells. Cultured rat mesangial cells were treated with DHA, as described in the Methods section. Eighteen hours prior to assessment of [3H]-thymidine incorporation, cultures were treated with PDGF (▪; 20 μmol/L DHA) or vehicle (control; ). Data represent mean thymidine incorporation per well (N = 3 to 4) and are representative of two independent experiments. Kidney International 2000 57, 1027-1040DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x) Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 12 DHA inhibits platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-mediated proliferation of cultured rat mesangial cells. Cultured rat mesangial cells were treated with DHA, as described in the Methods section. Eighteen hours prior to assessment of [3H]-thymidine incorporation, cultures were treated with PDGF (▪; 20 μmol/L DHA) or vehicle (control; ). Data represent mean thymidine incorporation per well (N = 3 to 4) and are representative of two independent experiments. Kidney International 2000 57, 1027-1040DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x) Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 13 Glomeruli were incubated without or with 0.5 mmol/L IBMX, and in situ protein kinase A (PKA) activity was measured by determining (-cAMP/+cAMP) PKA activity ratio. The (-cAMP/+cAMP) PKA ratio in glomeruli from fish that were oil-treated (0.078 = 15, mean + SEM, N = 7) did not differ from control glomeruli (0.81 = 17, mean = SEM, N = 8). The increase (+Δ%) of PKA ratio in response to IBMX was significantly higher in glomeruli from fish oil-treated rats (right column) than in glomeruli from controls (left column). Kidney International 2000 57, 1027-1040DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x) Copyright © 2000 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions