Slavery Divides the Nation Chapter 16 Slavery Divides the Nation

Definitions Union = United States = North = Yankees Sectionalism is loyalty to a state or section rather than to the whole country Popular sovereignty refers to the idea that each territory could decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery through a vote Union = United States = North = Yankees Confederacy = Confederate States of America = South = Rebels

The Missouri Question In 1819, there were 11 free states & 11 slave states; and Missouri wanted to join Henry Clay (the Great Compromiser) suggests Missouri Compromise (1819) Missouri enters as slave state, Maine enters as free state Keep # of slave and free states = At 30°26’N (slave south of line, free north of line ≠MO In Louisiana Purchase only 1821-1850 Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin (free); Arkansas, Florida, Texas (slave)

Sectionalism increases Southerners are united in support of slavery Northerners see South as a foreign country New Political Party – the Free Soil Party Anti-slavery members of Whigs & Democrats “Free soil, free speech, free labor, & free men!”

Major Players Henry Clay (West) Great Compromiser Missouri Compromise Compromise of 1850 John C. Calhoun (South) – believed slavery must be allowed in the territories Daniel Webster (North) – supported a plan to save the Union for fear of a Civil War

Compromise of 1850 California enters as free state Rest of Mexican Cession – slavery decided by popular sovereignty Slave trade banned in Washington, D.C. Fugitive Slave Law All citizens had to help catch runaway slaves $1000 fines, jail time Made Northerners feel like part of the slave system

Kansas Nebraska Act (1854) Stephen Douglas proposed dividing up Nebraska Territory into Kansas and Nebraska; slavery decided by popular sovereignty Missouri Compromise banned slavery here Popular Sovereignty worked in New Mexico & Utah – why not here? Bleeding Kansas Pro-slavery & anti-slavery groups move into Kansas Leads to violence More than 200 people killed by 1856

Dred Scott Decision Dred Scott (a slave that lived in Missouri, moved to Wisconsin where owner died) – anti-slavery lawyers filed suit claiming he was free since he lived in a free territory Supreme Court Decided Scott could not sue – was not a citizen Slaves were property Congress did not have power to outlaw slavery in a territory Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

Republicans Challenge Slavery Republican Party created in 1854 Main goal was to keep slavery out of the western territories Lincoln – Douglas Debates Lincoln (Republican) campaigns for Illinois Senate seat against Stephen Douglas Major Debates on issue of slavery Douglas wins BUT Lincoln becomes nationally known

John Brown’s Raid John Brown (abolitionist) attacks federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA Hoped to begin slave revolt Because of slave codes & fear, no slave revolt Brown found guilty of murder & treason, sentenced to death Became a hero in the North Southerners become convinced the North wanted to destroy slavery and the South along with it.

Election of 1860 Nominees Results Republicans – Lincoln Northern Democrats – Douglas Southern Democrats – Breckinridge Constitutional Union Party - Bell Results Lincoln wins South felt no longer had a voice in government South Carolina seceded Dec. 20, 1860 6 states follow Form Confederate States of America, elect Jefferson Davis President

Civil War Starts Fort Sumter, SC – guards Charleston Harbor Confederates attack and win Ft. Sumter on April 12, 1861 Beginning of Civil War

The Civil War 1861-1865 Chapter 17

I. The Conflict Takes Place a. Southerners believed they had the right to leave Union to protect their way of life (slavery). b. Northerners believed they had to fight to save Union. A. Strengths and Weaknesses a. Confederate (South) Advantages 1. Defensive War-Strong reason to fight, protect homeland 2. Knew the land

b. Confederate Disadvantages 1. Economic weakness- few factories, disconnected railroads 2. Political problems-Confederate government had little power 3. Small population-1/3 population enslaved African Americans, less soldiers than Union to fight war c. Union (North) Advantages 1. Population-Almost 4 times as many free citizens as South

2. Economic strength- Industry was greatest resource a. Factories produced weapons, uniforms, and supplies b. North had 70% of the rail lines 3. Strong navy and huge fleet of ships d. Union Disadvantages 1. Invading unfamiliar land 2. Long supply lines B. Military Leaders a. Robert E. Lee-General of Confederate army b. Ulysses S. Grant-General of Union army

II. No Easy Victory A. Plan of action a. Union- take control of Mississippi, blockade supplies b. Confederate- Defend homeland B. Battle of Bull Run-1st major battle a. “Stonewall” Jackson b. Union troops panic and run c. Showed the war would be long and bloody C. Naval Action a. Union blockaded Confederate ships b. Ironclad ships- ships covered with iron plates

III. Promise of Freedom D. Battle of Antietam a. Confederate plans found by the Union b. No clear victory III. Promise of Freedom A. Lincoln Goals a. Restore the Union b. Emancipation Proclamation- September 22, 1862 1. freed slaves in the Confederacy 2. Lincoln did not want to anger Union slave holders 3. Europeans no longer wanted to help South

IV. The War Ends A. Fall of Vicksburg a. Union victory at Vicksburg gave them complete control of the Mississippi B. Battle of Gettysburg a. One of the most important battles- turning point of war b. Gettysburg Address C. Union plan of Total War a. Destroy all things useful to the South

D. General Lee Surrenders a. April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Courthouse