Ecological (Biosocial) Theory Key Assumption Chronosystem Norm-Enforcing Communities Horizon-Expanding Communities

Chronosystem: The set of interdependent ecological systems in which individual and family behavior operate. Key Assumption: Families need every aspect of the chronosystem and have an impact on every one of the different aspects of it. Ecological Theory

These Interactions Are Guided By Chronosystem These Interactions Are Guided By Physical and Biological Laws of Nature Socially Constructed Rules and Institutions Organism Individuals Microsystem Families • Schools • Jobs • Churches Meso/Exosystems Intersections With Other Microsystems Macrosystems Social-Cultural/Human- Built Environment Metasystem Natural Physical-Biological Environment

Norm-Enforcing Parochial & Neighborhood Schools Lower Dropout Rates Higher Academic Growth Higher Verbal Growth Greater Extracurricular Involvement Greater Propensity For College Attendance Closed (Bonding) Social Networks For Students & Parents Norm-Enforcing

Horizon-Expanding Desegregated and Bused Schools Open (Bridging) Social Networks For Students & Parents Higher Creativity Higher Academic Growth Higher Mathematical Skills Horizon-Expanding