Clusterin Regulates Drug-Resistance in Melanoma Cells

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Clusterin Regulates Drug-Resistance in Melanoma Cells Christoph Hoeller, Barbara Pratscher, Christiane Thallinger, Dorian Winter, Dieter Fink, Boris Kovacic, Veronika Sexl, Volker Wacheck, Martin E. Gleave, Hubert Pehamberger, Burkhard Jansen Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 124, Issue 6, Pages 1300-1307 (June 2005) DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23720.x Copyright © 2005 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Clusterine Expression. (C) in two different populations of normal human melanocytes (NHEM 6083 and 2489) and four human melanoma cell lines (518A2, 607B, Mel-Juso and SKMEL-28). 60 kDa, unprocessed protein. 40 kDa, β-subunit of the processed, heterodimeric protein. A polyclonal goat anti-clusterin antiserum was used for the immunoblot. The picture depicts a longer exposure to demonstrate that clusterin is also expressed in melanocytes. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2005 124, 1300-1307DOI: (10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23720.x) Copyright © 2005 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Over expression of clusterine leads to increased drug-resistence in melanoma cells. (A) Expression of clusterin (C) in clusterin-overexpressing (Juso-Cl), vector-control (Juso-Neo) and wild-type Mel-Juso cells. A polyclonal goat anti-clusterin antibody was used for the immunoblot. (B, C) Cytotoxicity assay with clusterin-overexpressing (Juso-Cl), and vector-control (Juso-Neo) Mel-Juso cells. Increasing concentrations of cisplatin or taxol were added. Cell growth was determined photometrically using an MTS assay. Values shown are the relative absorption in comparison to 0 μM of cisplatin or taxol in the respective group±SD. Calculated IC50 are indicated in the upper right corner of each panel. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2005 124, 1300-1307DOI: (10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23720.x) Copyright © 2005 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Down regulation of clusterin enhances drug sensitivity in melanoma cells. (A) 518A2 melanoma cells were pretreated with either lipofectin alone (LF), lipofectin in combination with an antisense oligonucleotide directed against clusterin (AS), or lipofectin in combination with a scrambled control oligonucleotide (SC) in the indicated concentrations. Protein lysates were prepared and applied onto an SDS PAGE gel. The immunoblot was performed using a polyclonal goat anti-clusterin antiserum (middle panel, only the 60 kDa unprocessed protein is shown). Bands were analyzed densitometrically and expressed as the relative amount of the lipofectin control. (B–D) 518A2 cells were plated in 96-well plates and pretreated with either lipofectin alone (LF), lipofectin in combination with 500 nM AS-ODN directed against clusterin (AS), or lipofectin in combination with SC-ODN (SC) in the indicated concentrations. Thereafter, increasing concentrations of cisplatin, taxol, or 5FU were added. Cell growth was determined photometrically using an MTS assay. Values shown are the relative absorption in comparison with 0 μM of cisplatin, taxol, or 5-fluorouracil (5FU) in the respective pre-treatment group±SD. Calculated IC50 are indicated in the upper right corner of each panel. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2005 124, 1300-1307DOI: (10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23720.x) Copyright © 2005 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Down regulation of clusterine increases drug induced apoptosis. (A) 518A2 melanoma cells were pretreated with either lipofectin alone (LF), lipofectin in combination with 500 nM of an antisense oligonucleotide directed against clusterin (AS) or lipofectin in combination with 500 nM of scrambled control oligonucleotide (SC). After treatment, cells were stained with FITC-labeled annexin V and 7-aminoactinomycin D (7AAD). Subsequently, cells were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Numbers of annexin V positive (lower right) or annexin V/7AAD double positive (upper right) cells are given as % of events gated at the side of the charts. The experiment represents one of three that gave comparable results. (B) Results from the experimental protocol described in Figure 5a. Bars represent the mean number of annexin V positive cells from three independent experiments in %+SD. Groups were compared by a paired t test and the respective p-values are indicated. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2005 124, 1300-1307DOI: (10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23720.x) Copyright © 2005 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 SCID-mouse human-melanoam xenotransplantation model. Mice with established tumors grown after s.c. injection of 518A2 melanoma cells were pre-treated with either 10 mg per kg clusterin antisense oligonucleotide, scrambled control oligonucleotide, or saline. Eleven days after start of treatment animals received 80 mg per kg of dacarbazine over 4 d. (A) Western blot for clusterin tumor in lysates at days 23 and 33. (B) Clusterin levels from three tumors per treatment group at day 11. Bands were analyzed densitometrically, normalized to the β-actin control, and depicted as % of SC-ODN. A mouse monoclonal antibody against clusterin was used for the immunoblot. Bars represent SD. (C) Mean tumor volume throughout the experiment. Control groups without dacarbazine treatment are shown in the insert. Bars represent SD. “*” represents differences statistically significant by Student's t test (p<0.05). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2005 124, 1300-1307DOI: (10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23720.x) Copyright © 2005 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions