Volume 26, Issue 16, Pages R748-R752 (August 2016) Prosociality  Keith Jensen  Current Biology  Volume 26, Issue 16, Pages R748-R752 (August 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.025 Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Other-regarding concern matrix. Feelings of the actor and partner can be aligned (top left and bottom right) or misaligned (bottom left and top right). Aligned feelings — symhedonia and empathic concern — are positive other-regarding concerns and can motivate prosocial behaviour. Misaligned feelings — jealousy and schadenfreude — are negative other-regarding concerns and can motivate spiteful or antisocial behaviour. This matrix is similar in structure to the Hamiltonian payoff matrix for social interactions (which is based on fitness consequences), but is based on concern for the welfare of others (fortunes-of-others-emotions). Adapted from Ortony et al. 1988. Current Biology 2016 26, R748-R752DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.025) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Examples of prosocial behaviours in children and analogous behaviours in chimpanzees. Examples of potentially prosocial behaviours in human children and chimpanzees. Children comfort each other (A) likely due to empathic concern. Whether chimpanzees (B) comfort each other or seek to alleviate their own distress is less clear. Children share (C) but active food transfers are uncommon in chimpanzees (D). An open question is whether the motivations underlying sharing, comforting, helping and other prosocial behaviours are homologous (shared by descent) with other species, or whether the behaviours appear similar due to parallel evolution (analogous). Panel (A) Jax House, Wikimedia Commons; panels (B,D) courtesy of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; panel (C) courtesy Wikicommons. Current Biology 2016 26, R748-R752DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.025) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions