Diversity of Living Things UNIT 2: MICROBIOLOGY Diversity of Living Things

Taxonomic System Taxonomy Definition: developed by Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) in Latin based his classification on and features the more features organisms have in common, the closer their

Binomial Nomenclature (common worldwide language) two terms: The Scientific Name: first part of name – called the first letter is always this part can be written alone (e.x. Acer meaning all maple trees, Ursus = all bears) second part of name – called the is not is never written alone (e.x. Acer rubrum, referring to a red maple, Ursus americanus = North American Black Bears) note: both parts of the scientific name are

Species SPECIES: = + horse donkey mule

Binomial Nomenclature Examples Genus Species Abbreviated 1. Homo sapiens 2. Castor C. canadensis 3. coli E. coli 1 2 3

Advantage of this naming system Classification system shows Ex. Ursus americanus (North American black bear) and Ursus horribilis (Grizzly bear) are

7 Levels of Classification Linnaeus provided a framework for main levels of categories or (singular: taxon) that are used today for all living things Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Taxonomic Classifications Kingdom Animalia Phyllum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Subfamily Homininae Ponginae Cercopithecidae Genus Homo Gorilla Pan Pongo Papio Species sapiens gorilla troglodytes pygmaeus ursinus

Six-Kingdom Classification System

Most scientists believe that organisms changed over time The history of the evolution of organisms is called Relationships are often shown in a diagram called a . The starts at the , and branches lead to all the .

Three-Domain System Recently, the six-kingdom classification system has been modified to a .

Classifying Organisms Use a classification manual Involves using a two-part or a series of questions are asked pertaining to morphological and physical features of the organisms being keyed Each question should have either a yes or no answer each choice leads to a new branch of the key end result is the name of the organism being identified

Microbiology Microbiology is • • • • Microorganisms are either: • • • • Microorganisms are either: prokaryotic – cells which have no mucleus and no membrane-bound organelles ( ) 2. eukaryotic – cells which have numerous membrane-bound organelles including a nucleus ( Microorganisms usually require magnification to be observed. Many are unicellular (made of a single cell) and others form multicellular groups of associated cells.

Most microorganisms can go through two types of reproduction: asexual reproduction ( ) production of offspring from a single an exact copy of a cell and its DNA is made (e.g. mitosis, binary fission, cloning) the genetic information (DNA) of the offspring is to the parent sexual reproduction production of offspring from the union of two , one from each parent (ex. Meiosis – humans produce eggs and sperm) the genetic information (DNA) of the offspring is from the parents

Viruses SBI3U - A.Y. Jackson S.S. 16 16

Viruses Questions 17 17