Homework #2 2. Explain how the Harlem Renaissance impacted African American Culture

Harlem Renaissance

Marcus Garvey

The Rural Counterattack Rural Americans identified urban culture with Communism, crime, immorality Progressives attempted to force reform on the American people Upsurge of bigotry An era of repression

The Fear of Radicalism 1919: “Red Scare” Illegal roundups of innocent people Forcible deportation of aliens Terrorism against “radicals,” immigrants 1927: Sacco and Vanzetti executed For a robbery Murder They were Italian Anarchists who were found with Pistols and shotgun shells Civil Liberties were blatantly disregarded

Sacco and Vanzetti

Monument In 1977 MA Gov. Michael Dukakis proclaimed that Sacco and Vanzetti were wrongfully accused and sentenced

Prohibition 18th Amendment gives federal government power to pass Volstead Act of 1920 prohibiting production, sale, or transport of alcoholic beverages Consumption of alcohol reduced Prohibition resented in urban areas Bootlegging became big business 1933: 18th amendment repealed

Pro-Temperance

What does this picture Mean?

Bootlegging

Speakeasies and flappers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNAOHtmy4j0

The Ku Klux Klan 1925: Klan membership hit 5 million Attack on urban culture, inhabitants Defense of traditional rural values Klan sought to win U.S. by persuasion Violence, internal corruption resulted in Klan’s virtual disappearance by 1930

Re-emergence of the Klan

The Birth of Nation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9t-7SVbLjBw Just a few years earlier, this film came out glorifying the KKK It was a major hit in theaters and prompted President Wilson (a PhD in History) to say “That was the most accurate thing I have ever seen”

“Creed of Klanswomen” (handout) Document Analysis What does the document mean by “enlightened Protestant churches”? Does the Ku Klux Klan seem to discriminate on the basis of gender? Explain your answer. Who are the “alien races” and “inferior peoples” that the document refers to?

Immigration Restriction 1924: National Origins Act 150,000 person quota on immigration Quotas favored northern Europeans Mexican immigrants exempted from quota

The Fundamentalist Challenge Fundamentalism: Stress on traditional Protestant orthodoxy, biblical literalism 1925: Scopes Trial discredited fundamentalism among intellectuals “Modernists” gained mainline churches Fundamentalists strengthened grassroots appeal in new churches

Religious Fundamentalism Religious fundamentalism paralleled political nativism. Fundamentalists rejected the tenets of modern science, particularly evolution. Five states banned its teaching in public schools. William Jennings Bryan and Clarence Darrow squared off in a celebrated trial in Dayton, Tennessee over teaching evolution.

Aimee Semple McPherson http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftqumRF9Sh4

Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

Darwin’s Finches

Anti Darwin Sentiment

Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan

Scopes Monkey Trial http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HBdyaAYoXY Trailer- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdHbgFnJ06Q&feature=related

Politics of the 1920s Republican party apparently dominant Urban wing of the Democratic party emerged as the most powerful force

Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover Republican presidents appealed to traditional American values Harding scandals broke after his death- Teapot Dome Scandal Coolidge represented America in his austerity and rectitude Hoover represented the self-made man

Calvin Coolidge

Republican Policies Return to “normalcy” Tariffs raised Corporate and income taxes cut Spending cut Coolidge blocked Congressional aid to farmers as unwarranted interference Government-business cooperation

The Perfect Crime

The Divided Democrats 1924: Urban-rural split weakened Democrats Major shift in political loyalties Democrats gained more Congressional seats than Republicans after 1922

The Election of 1924

The Election of 1928 Democrat Al Smith carried urban vote Governor of New York Roman Catholic Republican Herbert Hoover won race Midwesterner Protestant Religion the campaign’s decisive issue

Herbert Hoover

The Old and the New Old historical view: The Depression ended the spirit of the twenties New historical view: The 1920s laid the foundations of modern America