Quarter 1 Review Notes #GLA, #FALL, #UGotThis

Example: George Washington; Canada; Dr. Pepper, World War II 1. Do capitalize the first letter of proper noun, name of person, place, thing, or event. Example: George Washington; Canada; Dr. Pepper, World War II 2. Do cap significant words in titles (books, stories, media, etc). DO NOT cap articles (a, an, the), prepositions, conjunctions that are four letters or fewer Example: A Tale of Two Cities The New York Times Of Mice and Men

3. Cap the 1st letter of a sentence, even in “” Example: My mother said, “Your father will be home shortly.” 4. Cap names of relatives when used as name or with name of the person. Example: Aunt Karen gives great presents. Please ask Dad to answer his cell.

5. Do cap a title that precedes name, but do not cap a title that follows or used as general word. Do cap titles when addressing someone directly. Example: I wrote a letter to President Trump. 6. Cap countries, nationalities, and languages. Example: England, English, American, Spain, Spanish

Common Punctuation Marks Period: end mark most often used Exclamation mark: punctuate sentences that show strong feelings Semicolon: join independent clauses hat are not already joined by the conjunctions: and, but, for, not, or so, or yet 2 dependent clauses on like topic Colon: before a list of items following and independent clause Dash: signal an interruption (especially in quotations) signal a substitution for phrases like “it is” or “they are” when there is a substitution the words after the dash become more important Not to be confused with hyphen

Common Punctuation Marks: hyphens: used to combine some numbers and some word parts and to show a connection between the syllables of words that are broken at the ends of lines brackets/parentheses: used to set off asides and explanations when the material is nonessential Clauses: 2 types Independent clause: has a subject and a verb Can stand by itself as a complete sentence Subordinate (dependent) clause: has a subject and a verb but cannot stand by it self Only part of a sentence

4 Functions of a Sentence Declarative Sentence: states or declares and idea and ends with a period Examples: Soccer is a team sport. Golf is a sport that can be played thoughout a lifetime. Although most schools fund team sports, many students choose to participate in individual sports. Interogative Sentence: asks a question and ends with a question mark What is your best time in the one-mile run? Where is the district track meet being held this year?

Imperative Sentence: gives an order or a direction and ends with either a period or an exclamation mark Examples: Follow my instructions carefully. Run as hard as you can! Exclamatory Sentence: conveys strong emotion and ends with an exclamation mark She’s going to crash into that hurdle! What an outstanding runner she is!

Example: Ethan is a handsome, charming boy. 1. Do use a comma to separate three or more items or elements in a series. Example: I ate cotton candy, popcorn, and ice cream at the fair. She ran out the door, jumped in the car, and sped off down the road. 2. Do use a comma between two adjectives only when the word and could be inserted in its place. Example: Ethan is a handsome, charming boy.

3. Do use a comma before and after a word or phrase that renames the noun (appositives). Example: Lance, my oldest brother, has red hair. Albany, New York’s capital, is a big city. 4. Do use a comma when a sentence begins with an introductory word or phrase such as well, yes, therefore, for example, or on the other hand. Example: Yes, you can stay up an extra hour. However, you must still wake up on time. On the other hand, you could simply go to bed now.

5. Use a comma before and after a word used as an interrupter, such as however. Example: The dog, however, still needs to be taken outside. 6. Use a comma between a city and state and after the state if the sentence continues. Example: I was born in San Jose, California, 29 years ago. 7. Use a comma to separate the day of the month from the year and after the year. Example: We moved to Oklahoma on July 28, 2003, and lived there for a few years. 8. Use a comma when a sentence begins with a prepositional phrase, adverbial clause, or dependent clause. Example: Under the bridge, the fog made it difficult to see. Because the bridge was iced over, the state police closed the road.

9. Use a comma to interrupt direct quotations or before or after a direct quotation (THINK TDA) Example: “Why,” I asked, “must you leave?” The narrator did not like the red sweater, “It’s an ugly sweater …” (paragraph 8). 10. To avoid run-on sentences you must combine to independent clauses with a comma and a conjunction (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) *must be two dependent clauses* Example: I love listening to music, but I hate to sing. I am learning to speak Spanish, and my dad is learning to speak French.

Join two independent clauses that are closely connected in meaning Semi Colons; Join two independent clauses that are closely connected in meaning Less final pause than a period, but stronger than a comma Used to join complete ideas within sentences to avoid confusion in sentences with commas Use to for better sentence fluency (combining short choppy sentences) No conjunction needed (may need transition) Can be used to avoid confusion in series list (in a sentence that already contains too many commas) Colons: Before list of items following an independent clause Special situations: Time End greeting in business letter Signal important ideas

Hyphens Hyphen: Use to combine some numbers Compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine Writing fractions that are used as adjectives: EXAMPLE: A two-thirds vote of approval was necessary. Use to combine some word parts Use after a prefix that is followed by a proper noun or adjective EXAMPLE: mid-July Use in words with prefixes all-. Ex-, self-, and in words with the suffix –elect EXAMPLES: all-powerful, ex-football player, self-employed, president-elect Use to connect two or more nouns that are used as one compound word