Reproduction, Mitosis, and Meiosis Foundations to Understanding Genetics and Heredity

Prior Knowledge 1. What are two kinds of reproduction? 2. A(n) ________ is the most basic unit of all living things. 3. Parts of a cell are called ________. 4. A(n) ________ is an organism whose cells have a nucleus. 5. Only plant cells have a(n) ______________. 6. The genetic code required for life is called __. Questions to Start Class

Prior Knowledge What are two kinds of reproduction? Sexual reproduction & Asexual Reproduction 2. A(n) cell is the most basic unit of all living things. 3. Parts of a cell are called organelles . 4. A(n) eukaryote is an organism whose cells have a nucleus. 5. Only plant cells have a(n) Cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole. 6. The genetic code required for life is called DNA. Questions to Start Class

No Reproduction and the species goes extinct. Reproduction~ the process by which an organism produces another of the same kind. No Reproduction and the species goes extinct. Review Slide

2 Types of Reproduction Asexual Reproduction New organism is produced from 1 parent’s genetic material Organisms that reproduce asexually: Hydra, bacteria, archaea, sponges, sea stars (regrow limbs), Strawberries (runners) Sexual Reproduction New organism is produced from 2 parents’ genetic material Organisms that reproduce sexually: Plants, Mammals, Birds, Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Humans Review Slide

3 Types of Asexual Reproduction Fission: division of an organism into two equal parts Budding: an organism grows from the body of a parent. Regeneration: a whole organism can form from one piece of the organism or body parts can be repaired when injured. Review Slide

When the Cell splits end up with 2 cells of the same size and same DNA Fission Start with 1 cell DNA replicates When the Cell splits end up with 2 cells of the same size and same DNA Review Slide

Budding Start with one organism Start to grow the same organism off of the parent Eventually grows large enough to sustain itself and breaks off as a smaller version of the parent Review Slide

Regeneration Can repair/replace damaged parts through this process. The number of individuals created depends on the type of damage done. Think of an example where this could be useful. Review Slide

Sexual Reproduction Sperm carries ½ the genetic material Egg carries ½ genetic material They meet to form one cell with a full set of genetic material

Reproduction is the foundation of Genetics and Heredity. Genetics- The scientific study of Heredity. Heredity- The passing of traits from parents to offspring. New Vocabulary

So what else do we need to know before studying heredity… Remember The Cell Theory: 1. Cell is the basic unit of life 2. Organisms are made up of one or more cells. 3. ***All Cells come from other cells.*** Connecting the information…Why it is important…

Cell Growth and Division Cells have a life cycle too! You have different kinds of cells that make new cells in different ways. Body cells and Sex Cells Cells are constantly being created to replace ones you have lost. A cell’s life cycle includes birth, growth, development, and death. Connecting the Information

The Cell Cycle Mitosis Cytokinesis Interphase Life Cycle of a Cell….Just know that cells have a life cycle. Don’t have to know all the parts.

Interphase First stage of the Cell Cycle that takes place before the cell can divide Three things happen in Interphase: 1. Cell rapidly grows 2. Makes an exact copy of the DNA (process is called DNA replication.) 3. Prepares for cell division 1st part of a Cell’s Life Cycle.

Mitosis The process of cell division that forms two new identical cells Used for making body cells Each nuclei has the same number and type of chromosomes as the original parent cell. Chromosomes are structures in the nucleus that contain DNA. Steps of Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Need to know what Mitosis is, Why it is important, and What it starts with and creates. What kind of cells do Mitosis? Don’t need to know the steps.

Diagram of Mitosis in Animal Cell

Diagram of Mitosis in Plant Cells

Meiosis Process of cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number Meiosis is the way sex cells (gametes) are made. Sperm in males Eggs in females 2 divisions of the nucleus. This takes one parent cell and makes 4 daughter cells that have ½ the amount of DNA as the parent. Need to know what Meiosis is, Why it is important, and What it starts with and creates. What kind of cells do Meiosis? Don’t need to know the steps.

Diagram of Meiosis

Chromosome Vocabulary Chromosome- structure in the nucleus that contains the DNA and proteins. Haploid A cell with just one chromosome from each pair “single form” Diploid A cell that has two of every kind of chromosome Think diploid-double Most cells in your body are diploid!!

Mitosis Both Mitosis & Meiosis Meiosis Homework: Create a Venn Diagram with at least 6 bullets total. Mitosis Both Mitosis & Meiosis Meiosis What is Mitosis/Meiosis? Why it is important? and What it starts with and creates? What kind of cells do Mitosis? Are the cells starting haploid/diploid? Are the cells ending haploid/diploid?

Review Questions What are the two types of Reproduction? What are 3 examples of reproduction where only 1 parent is involved? Why is mitosis important? How do organisms make more sex cells? Why is it important that sex cells have half the DNA of a body cell?