1942 JAPANESE EXPANSION Dec. 7, 1941, Japan attacks Pearl Harbor US declares war on Japan. 1942 Philippines Bataan Death March map/japan

Bataan Death March: April, 1942 Approximately 80,000 US and Filipino troops [12,000 Americans] surrendered to the Japanese and were forced to march 60 miles to Camp O’Donnell. Several thousand died along the way from atrocities committed by the Japanese soldiers.

"Island hopping" or "leap frogging" all the way to Japan. JAPANESE EXPANSION Dec. 7, 1941, Japan attacks Pearl Harbor US declares war on Japan. 1942 Philippines Bataan Death March "Island hopping" or "leap frogging" all the way to Japan. Difficult strategy of re-taking islands Japan had under their control... Guam Malaya New Guinea Threatening Australia and Hawaii map/japan

General Douglas MacArthur WWII MILITARY LEADERS West Point Graduate Commanding general of troops in the Philippines Forced off the Philippines in 1942--- “I shall return” 1944, Battle of Leyete Gulf---- “I have returned to re-take the Philippines”. Supreme Allied Commander in the South Pacific General Douglas MacArthur WWII Military Leaders

1942 1943 TURNING POINT BATTLES Coral Sea Midway map/japan TURNING POINT BATTLES 1942 Coral Sea Midway Midway virtually destroyed Japanese Navy. 1943 Continued “island hopping” strategy

The Doolittle Raid After Pearl Harbor, FDR wanted a morale booster. He wanted to bomb Tokyo but aircraft carriers could not get close enough. Plan: B-25s (which could launch off carriers) would bomb Tokyo and land in China. Lt. Col. James Doolittle was in command of this operation. On April 18th, 1942 bombs fell on Tokyo, which led to a change in strategy among the Japanese leaders. Lt. Col. James Doolittle B-25s off to Tokyo

Change in Japanese Strategy Japanese leaders were rattled by the raids—bombs might have killed the emperor!! The American fleet, they decided, had to be destroyed! They wanted to cut off their supply lines to Australia. They decided to attack Midway Island—the last American base west of Pearl Harbor. Bombs falling on Tokyo.

Fighting at the Battle of Midway Badly damaged Yorktown Code-breakers heard the plan. At the Battle of Coral Sea, the Yorktown and the Lexington fended off a Japanese attack on New Guinea and preserved Australia. Code-breakers learned of plan to attack Midway Admiral Nimitz used this as an opportunity to ambush the Japanese fleet. Japanese planes were hit with antiaircraft fire, shooting down 38 planes. Japan lost 100 pilots which hurt their Air War. American planes caught carriers by surprise—their fuel, bombs, and aircraft were exposed. Four Japanese carriers were sunk, destroying the heart of the navy. This hit the Japanese hard—it halted Japanese expansion in the Pacific. Fighting at the Battle of Midway Badly damaged Yorktown

Battle of Midway Island: June 4-6, 1942

Battle of the Coral Sea: June 4-6, 1942

Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to the Philippines! [1944]

Japanese Kamikaze Planes: The Scourge of the South Pacific Kamikaze Pilots The last 2 years of the war, the Japanese resorted to “suicidal bombers” or Kamikaze bombers to destroy the American Navy. Approximately 2,800 Kamikaze attackers sunk 34 Navy ships, damaged 368 others, killed 4,900 sailors, and wounded over 4,800.

TURNING POINT BATTLES 1944 Battle of Leyete Gulf, recaptured the Philippines 1945 Iwo Jima and Okinawa Put the US 500 miles from mainland Japan Began bombing mainland Japan map/japan

US Marines on Mt. Surbachi, Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]

Big Three POTSDAM CONFERENCE Churchill, Truman and Stalin meet in Potsdam, Germany in July 1945. Truman informed of successful test of bomb. Demanded unconditional surrender from Japanese or a new weapon would be used.

Some suggest that Truman was warning Stalin. POTSDAM CONFERENCE potsdam Some suggest that Truman was warning Stalin. If he didn’t follow through with the decisions at Yalta, it could happen to the Soviet Union.

ATOMIC BOMB Arguments for use Arguments opposed Japanese refused to surrender. Estimated an invasion similar to D-Day was needed to end war. Estimated Japan’s empire would last 2 years. Estimated Allied casualties at 1 million or more men with huge Japanese losses. Japanese leadership was told of the destructive power of the bomb Offered a period to surrender but declined. Arguments opposed Atomic bombs were untested and their destruction unknown Hiroshima and Nagasaki were not major military targets. Those killed in the attacks would be Japanese civilians. Radiation poisoning would have negative effects on the population. Nuclear weapons would set a precedent that using weapons of mass destruction was allowable in war

Sample of Japanese leaflet dropped by US warning the Japanese people the destructive power the bomb and to evacuate the cities.

Sample of Japanese leaflet dropped by US warning the Japanese people the bomb and the translation in English which has enslaved the Japanese people. The peace which America will bring will free the people from the oppression of the military clique and mean the emergence of a new and better Japan. You can restore peace by demanding new and good leaders who will end the war. We cannot promise that only these cities will be among those attacked, but some or all will be, so heed this warning and evacuate these cities immediately. In the next few days the military installations in some or all of the cities named on the photograph will destroyed by American bombs. These cities contain military installations and workshops or factories which produce military goods. The American Air Force, which does not wish to injure innocent people, now gives you warning to evacuate the cities named and save your lives. America is not fighting the Japanese people But is fighting the military clique (govt. leaders)

By July 1945, 3 bombs had been built. 1 bomb = 20,000 tons of TNT MANHATTEN PROJECT A joint Allied Project consisting of Canadian, British and U.S. scientists to build an atomic bomb. Started in 1940….. By July 1945, 3 bombs had been built. 1 bomb = 20,000 tons of TNT One would be set off in New Mexico successfully.

Col. Paul Tibbets & the A-Bomb

Hiroshima – August 6, 1945 48,000 buildings. destroyed. 70,000 killed immediately 48,000 buildings. destroyed. 100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later.

President Harry Truman My fellow Americans, the British, Chinese and United States governments have given the Japanese people adequate warning of what is in store for them. The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base. If Japan does not surrender, bombs will have to be dropped on her war industries and unfortunately thousands of civilian lives will be lost. I urge Japanese civilians to leave industrial cities immediately and save themselves. President Harry Truman

Japanese A-Bomb Survivors

The Beginning of the Atomic Age

Nagasaki – August 9, 1945 40,000 killed immediately 60,000 injured. 100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later.

TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS After the Nagasaki bombing, Emperor Horhito surrendered to the Allies to end WWII in Japan. “The time has come to bear the unbearable”. Japan surrenders on Aug 14, 1945. Official surrender ceremonies were held on Sept. 2, 1945 aboard the USS Missouri near Tokyo Bay. Emperor Horhito dictators

JAPANESE SURRENDER Jap surrender Japan surrenders on Aug. 14, 1945……Official surrender ceremonies were held on Sept. 2, 1945

V-J Day response by Americans in New York City