Computer Science 111 Fundamentals of Programming I Organizing Widgets with Panels Data Fields for I/O Message Boxes for Error Recovery

One Background or Two?

Problems If all the widgets go directly in the window, they must have only one common background They’re all in the same grid, but we might want different subgrids for different groups of widgets in the same window

Solution: Use Panels A panel is a blank rectangular area within a window A panel is added to the window’s grid, like other widgets Other widgets, including other panels, are then added to the panel

class FrenchFlag(EasyFrame): """Displays the French flag in the window.""" def __init__(self): """Sets up the window and the panels.""" EasyFrame.__init__(self, title = "French Flag", width = 300, height = 200) self.addPanel(0, 0, background = "blue") self.addPanel(0, 1, background = "white") self.addPanel(0, 2, background = "red"))

In CounterDemo: def __init__(self): """Sets up the window, label, and buttons.""" EasyFrame.__init__(self, title = "Counter", background = "lightblue") self.count = 0 self.label = self.addLabel(text = str(self.count), row = 0, column = 0, sticky = "NSEW", columnspan = 3, buttonPanel = self.addPanel(1, 0, background = "pink") buttonPanel.addButton(text = "Previous", command = self.previous) buttonPanel.addButton(text = "Reset", row = 0, column = 1, command = self.reset) buttonPanel.addButton(text = ”Next", row = 0, column = 2, command = self.next)

About Panels Each panel has its own grid, independent of the enclosing window or panel’s grid Any type of widget that can be placed in a window can be placed in a panel Panels can be nested to any depth

A Mythical Tax Code All incomes are taxed at a single flat rate, say, 15% Each family member receives an exemption amount, say, $3500 tax = max(0.0, (income - exemptions * 3500) * 0.15) Inputs: income and number of exemptions Output: tax

TUI and Code print("Tax Calculator\n") RATE = .15 EXEMPTION_AMOUNT = 3500.0 income = float(input("Please enter your income: $")) exemptions = int(input("Please enter the number of exemptions: ")) tax = max(0.0, (income - exemptions * EXEMPTION_AMOUNT) * RATE) print("Your total tax is $%0.2f" % tax)

TUI vs GUI

Data Fields The IntegerField class is used for the I/O of integers only The FloatField class is used for the I/O of integers or floats Use addIntegerField and addFloatField, respectively

Attributes and Methods Field attributes value (the field’s initial numeric value) state (“normal” or “readonly”) width (20 columns for float fields, 10 for integer fields) precision (for float fields only, infinite by default) Field methods getNumber() returns the field’s value as a number setNumber(anIntOrFloat) resets the field’s value setPrecision(anInt) for float fields only

class TaxCode(EasyFrame): """Application window for the tax calculator.""" RATE = .15 EXEMPTION_AMOUNT = 3500.0 def __init__(self): """Sets up the window and the widgets.""" EasyFrame.__init__(self, title = "Tax Calculator") # Label and field for the income self.addLabel(text = "Income", row = 0, column = 0) self.incomeField = self.addFloatField(value = 0.0, row = 0, column = 1) # Label and field for the number of exemptions self.addLabel(text = "Exemptions", row = 1, column = 0) self.exField = self.addIntegerField(value = 0, row = 1,

class TaxCode(EasyFrame): """Application window for the tax calculator.""" RATE = .15 EXEMPTION_AMOUNT = 3500.0 def __init__(self): """Sets up the window and the widgets.""" EasyFrame.__init__(self, title = "Tax Calculator") . . . # The command button self.button = self.addButton(text = "Compute", row = 2, column = 0, columnspan = 2, command = self.computeTax) # Label and field for the tax self.addLabel(text = "Total tax", row = 3, column = 0) self.taxField = self.addFloatField(value = 0.0, row = 3, column = 1, precision = 2, state = "readonly")

class TaxCode(EasyFrame): """Application window for the tax calculator.""" RATE = .15 EXEMPTION_AMOUNT = 3500.0 def __init__(self): """Sets up the window and the widgets.""" EasyFrame.__init__(self, title = "Tax Calculator") . . . # The event handling method for the button def computeTax(self): """Obtains the data from the input fields and uses them to compute the tax, which is sent to the output field.""" income = self.incomeField.getNumber() exemptions = self.exField.getNumber() tax = max(0.0, (income - exemptions * TaxCode.EXEMPTION_AMOUNT) \ * TaxCode.RATE) self.taxField.setNumber(tax)

Input Errors: Number Out of Range

Error Recovery Check for inputs out of range Pop up a message box with a descriptive error message Continue to wait for new inputs

def computeTax(self): """Obtains the data from the input fields and uses them to compute the tax, which is sent to the output field. Responds with error message if inputs are invalid.""" income = self.incomeField.getNumber() exemptions = self.exField.getNumber() if income < 0 or exemptions < 0: self.messageBox("ERROR ALERT", "Income and number of exemptions must be >= 0") return tax = max(0.0, (income - exemptions * TaxCode.EXEMPTION_AMOUNT) \ * TaxCode.RATE) self.taxField.setNumber(tax)

Input Errors: Bad Digits

Trapping Exceptions Must use Python’s try/except statement When exception is trapped, pop up a message box with an error message try: <code that might raise an exception> except <exception type>: <recovery code>

Trapping an Exception def computeTax(self): """Obtains the data from the input fields and uses them to compute the tax, which is sent to the output field. Responds with error message if inputs are invalid.""" try: income = self.incomeField.getNumber() exemptions = self.exField.getNumber() if income < 0 or exemptions < 0: self.messageBox("ERROR ALERT", "Income and number of exemptions must be >= 0") return tax = max(0.0, (income - exemptions * TaxCode.EXEMPTION_AMOUNT) \ * TaxCode.RATE) self.taxField.setNumber(tax) except ValueError: self.messageBox("ERROR ALERT", "Inputs must be numbers")

Widgets for Text I/O A text field (class TextField) is used for the I/O of one-line strings A text area (class TextArea) is used for the I/O of multiple lines of text See the breezypythongui site for details

Check boxes and radio buttons For Wednesday Scrolling text areas Check boxes and radio buttons Prompter boxes Working with colors