Aim: What were the causes of the Russian Revolution?
Key Terms Autocrat – Ruler with absolute power (Absolute Monarch) Emancipate – To set free Duma – Elected representative legislature (i.e. Parliament) Proletariat – Industrial Working Class/Urban Poor
Czarist (Tsarist)Russia 1) Most Populous Nation in Europe 2) Rigid Social Class Structure Serf Class is Emancipated (Freed) 3) Autocracy – Leader has TOTAL power 4) Czars DO NOT MEET THE NEEDS OF THE PEOPLE 5) Not as Industrialized as Western Europe GFMNP REVOLUTION
Leaders in Russia Czar or Tsar – Russian Ruler Czar Nicholas II Brutal Leader Czar Alexander II Abolished Serfdom Czar Alexander III
Problems in Russia Citizens are Internally Divided Only ½ Population is Russian, All have different needs Not as industrialized as Western Europe No Voice in Government (No representation)/Needs are not being met Harsh Working Conditions/Lives for Poor Russo-Japanese War (lost) + WWI
Bloody Sunday January 22, 1905 200,000 workers approached the czar’s winter palace in St. Petersburg Petition for: 1) Better Working Conditions 2) More Freedom/Personal Liberties 3) Representation in Government/Elected Legislature Troops open fire on workers Led to More Violence
Bloody Sunday
Early Reform in Russia 1) Czar Nicholas II created the Duma Duma – Parliament, Elected Legislature 2) Prime Minister – Peter Stolypin Cracked down on revolutionaries Agricultural/Educational Reforms to help peasants
World War I 1) Nicholas II moves to the Eastern Front to run army Tsar Enters War to Unify Nation TOTAL DISASTER 1) Nicholas II moves to the Eastern Front to run army No LEADERSHIP Tsarina is in charge 2) Russian Army is not well equipped (lack of industry) 3) Many young Russians are dying 4) War is expensive/People are starving
The March Revolution March 1917 – Women Textile Workers Strike “Down with the Autocracy, Down with the War” 200,000 Stormed the Streets – Soldiers ordered to shoot rioters but joined them instead Czar Nicholas II Steps Down Duma established a Provisional Government headed by Alexander Kerensky (moderate socialist) Free Elections, Free Speech, Freedom to Assembly and Freedom of Religion
November BOLSHEVIK Revolution V.I. Lenin Leads Bolsheviks “Peace, Land and Bread” Bolshevik Red Guards toppled Provisional Government Bolsheviks in Power Lenin ordered all farmland to be delivered to peasants Gave control of factories to workers Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (leaves WWI)
Socialism/Marxism in Russia Karl Marx Philosophy Proletariat would overthrow government Proletariat – Industrial Working Class Russian Marxists Split into 2 Groups: Mensheviks – Moderate Bolsheviks – Radical Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Socialist Revolutionaries Formed Soviets Soviets – Local councils of workers, peasants and soldiers
Civil War in Russia White Army (Loyalists) vs. Red Army (Communists) Leon Trotsky Leads Red Army 14 Million Dead Famine, Fighting, Flu Lenin Restores Order RUSSIA= 1st COMMUNIST Nation
IMPACT OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION Civil War is won by the BOLSHEVIKS (Communists) Lenin takes over as Dictator NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP) 1) Small Scale Capitalism 2) Peasants could sell surplus crops 3) Government kept control of major industries Country Recovers from Civil War Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Aim: How did Russia become a Totalitarian State?
Totalitarianism Totalitarian State – A state in which the government controls ALL aspects of its citizens’ lives. Command Economy – Government officials make all basic economic decisions.
Purges – Attempts to get rid of any DISSENT in society (Violent) Collectivization – Process of combining all private land and placing it under government control. Propaganda – One sided information used by the government to persuade the public Censorship – Limiting or regulating ALL MEDIA by the government
Aim: What was daily life like under Joseph Stalin?
Industrialization Increased Steel Production Trans Siberian Railroad Increased Factories Harsh Working Conditions, Low Wages, Child Labor Government Outlawed Unions Industrialization Leads to Discontent
Features of Totalitarian Rule Dynamic Leader Police Terror Indoctrination (Education) Propaganda/Censorship Religious/Ethnic Persecution
Improve Transportation Increase Farm Output Stalin’s 5 Year Plans Goals Build Heavy Industry Improve Transportation Increase Farm Output COLLECTIVES (Heavy Resistance)
Results of the 5 Year Plans High Production Goals Production Increased Quotas Low Quality Central Planning Surpluses/Shortages Few Consumer Goods
Aim: What was Stalin’s Legacy in the Soviet Union?
STALIN’S LEGACY 1934 The Great Purge Attacks against anyone that was a threat to power. 8 – 13 Million Dead Ukrainian Forced Famine (Terror Famine) Kulaks = Wealth Farmers, Resisted Collectivization, “Liquidate the Kulaks” Forced Starvation = 10-15 Million Dead
Religious Persecution Replace Religion with Communism Police Destroyed Churches and SynagoguesKilled Clergy POGROMS – Waves of Violence Against Jews
Daily Life Under Stalin Women's Role Expanded in Workforce Harsh Life Increased Education and Technical Skills NO INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM