Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages (March 2018)

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Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages 115-119 (March 2018) Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of throwing motion focusing on pelvic rotation at stride foot contact Takanori Oi, MD, Yohei Takagi, MD, PhD, Kohnan Tsuchiyama, MD, Kotaro Hashimoto, MD, Hiroshi Tanaka, PhD, Hiroaki Inui, MD, PhD, Katsuya Nobuhara, MD, PhD, Shinichi Yoshiya, MD, PhD JSES Open Access Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages 115-119 (March 2018) DOI: 10.1016/j.jses.2017.12.007 Copyright © 2018 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 A total of 36 reflective plastic spheres were attached to the representative anatomic locations for the motion analysis. JSES Open Access 2018 2, 115-119DOI: (10.1016/j.jses.2017.12.007) Copyright © 2018 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Three-dimensional positions of the markers during throwing motion were recorded by the charge-coupled device cameras. JSES Open Access 2018 2, 115-119DOI: (10.1016/j.jses.2017.12.007) Copyright © 2018 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Coordinate system for each motion segment: CG, global coordinate system; CS, upper arm coordinate system; CT, trunk coordinate system; CP, pelvis coordinate system; CH, hip coordinate system. XG, X-axis of CG; YG, Y-axis of CG; ZG, Z-axis of CG; C7, 7th cervical vertebra; SN, suprasternal notch; AC, acromion; LE, lateral epicondyle of the elbow; ME, medial epicondyle of the elbow; PX, xiphoid process; Th7, 7th thoracic vertebra; PSIS, the middle position of bilateral posterior superior iliac spine; GTF, great trochanter of the femur; LF, lateral epicondyle of the femur; MF, medial epicondyle of the femur. JSES Open Access 2018 2, 115-119DOI: (10.1016/j.jses.2017.12.007) Copyright © 2018 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Definition of kinematics: (A) Lateral trunk tilt, shoulder abduction, and hip abduction; (B) shoulder external rotation, trunk extension, and hip flexion; (C) shoulder horizontal adduction, trunk and pelvis rotations, and hip internal rotation. JSES Open Access 2018 2, 115-119DOI: (10.1016/j.jses.2017.12.007) Copyright © 2018 The Authors Terms and Conditions