Mali Bowers Physiology Fall ‘17 Hormone Presentation CORTISOL Mali Bowers Physiology Fall ‘17 Hormone Presentation

Cortisol: C21H30O5 Adrenal Steroid Sterol ring structure, cholesterol base Synthetic version: hydrocortisone Made in the zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex Glucocortocoid

Cortisol as a Glucocortocoid Glucocortocoid - from the adrenal cortex Glucocortocoid - zona fasciculata of the cortex Affects glucose: influences glucose metabolism Properties: Anti-inflammatory Allergy Suppressant Immuno-suppressant -Anti-inflammatory -Allergy Suppressant -Immune Suppressant -Released in response to stressors or low blood glucose

Cortisol as glucocortocoid (cont.) Steroid = hormone derived from cholesterol Hormone = chemical messenger of the body 50 known hormones, produced by many different tissues, glands, organs Travel in blood and reach every cell Only affect cells with right receptors

Adrenal Hormones ZONA GLOMERULOSA MINERALOCORTOCOIDS*, EG ALDOSTERONE ZONA FASCIULATA: GLUCOCORTOCOIDS*, EG CORTISOL ZONA RETICULARIS: ANDROGENS*, EG TESTOSTERONE MEDULLA: CATECHOLAMINES, EG ADRENALINE

How Cortisol is Made

Cholesterol (blood) Zona fasciulata Pregenolone 17-OH pregenolone 17-OH progesterone 11-deoxycortisol CORTISOL

Immediate Effects of Cortisol Liberates glucose for immediate use Metabolic Response Stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver and the muscles Aids breakdown of proteins into amino acids ( --> gluconeogensis) Immune Response Acts to counter SNS stress response Suppresses inflammation Prevents proliferation and growth of T-cells

Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis STRESS!

STRESS!

Lipid vs Water Soluble Hormones Remember: cells have a lipid bilayer Fat-soluble: steroids (adrenals, testes, ovaries, uterus, all derived from cholesterol) and thyroid hormones (not steroids) can travel directly across the cell membrane and they bind to carrier proteins IN the cytoplasm, then enter nucleus Water-soluble: catecholamines, polypeptides, glycoproteins, cannot travel across membrane, must bind on surface

Glucocortocoid Reception So how do glucocortocoids affect their target cells?

Longer-term Effects Makes and stores glucose, can lead to insulin resistance Muscle loss: cortisol decreases amino acid uptake by muscle, inhibits protein synthesis (promotes gluconeogenesis instead) Extended wound-healing : we need immune/inflammation response to heal (think clot formation, COX-2!) but cortisol suppresses inflammation so we don’t heal as efficiently Arthritis, osteoporosis, hair/nail problems from collagen inhibition

In utero Instead of coming from a stress signal externally, registered by the hypothalamus, and then sent to pituitary, the placenta sends CRH to fetal pituitary

Finito.